Repair and Diagnosis (Single Page)

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• Quick Lookups
  • Common Specs & Procedures
    • Common Specs & Procedures
      • Specifications Index
    • Common Specs & Procedures - B5 Platform
      • Specifications Index
  • DTC Index
    • Air Bag Restraint System DTCS
    • Anti-Lock Brake System - Traction Control DTCS
    • Automatic Transmission DTCS
    • Engine Performance DTC
    • Heat, Ventilation & A/C DTCS
  • Electrical Component Locations
    • Diagnostic Connector (DLC) Locations
      • Domestic Cars
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
      • Domestic Light Trucks & Vans
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
      • Imported Cars & Trucks
        • ACURA
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        • BMW
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        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
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        • Ford Motor Co.
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        • SAAB
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        • VOLVO
    • Electrical Component Locator
      • Buzzers, Relays & Timers
      • Circuit Protection Devices
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      • Solenoids & Solenoid Valves
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      • Component Location Graphics
  • Fluids
  • Technical Bulletins
    • Campaigns
    • Safety Recalls
    • Technical Service Bulletins
  • Tire Fitment
  • Wiring Diagrams
    • System Wiring Diagrams
      • Air Conditioning
      • Anti-Lock Brakes
      • Anti-Theft
      • Computer Data Lines
      • Cooling Fan
      • Cruise Control
      • Defoggers
      • Engine Performance
        • 2.8L
      • Exterior Lights
      • Ground Distribution
      • Headlights
      • Horn
      • Instrument Cluster
      • Interior Lights
      • Power Distribution
      • Power Door Locks
      • Power Mirrors
      • Power Seats
      • Power Top/Sunroof
      • Power Windows
      • Radio
      • Shift Interlock
      • Starting/Charging
      • Supplemental Restraints
      • Transmission
      • Warning Systems
      • Wiper/Washer
    • Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
      • Introduction
      • Wiring Diagram Features And Controls
      • Wiring Diagram Color Abbreviations
      • Wiring Diagram Symbols
      • Wiring Diagram Ground Number Locations
      • Wiring Diagram Component Locations
• Accessories & Equipment
  • Anti-Theft Systems
    • Anti-Theft, Interior Light Delay & Power Door Locks
      • Description & Operation
      • Trouble Shooting
        • Notes
        • System Does Not Operate
          • Notes
          • Power & Ground Check
          • Alarm Horn Check
          • Signal Light Check
          • Door Lock Switch Check (Driver's Door)
          • Lock Cylinder Switch Check (Driver's Door)
          • Lock Cylinder Switch Check (Passenger Door)
          • Alarm Switch & Trunk Lock Check
          • Ignition/Starter Switch Check
          • Interior Light Check
          • Door Contact Switch Check
          • Alarm Switch (Trunk) Check
          • Control Module Ground Circuit Check
        • Vacuum System Check
          • Door Lock System Does Not Operate
      • System Tests
        • Notes
        • Control Module Test
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Control Module
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Cruise Control Systems
    • Description & Operation
    • Adjustments
      • Brake & Clutch Vent Valve Switches
      • Vacuum Servo Linkage Adjustment
    • System Tests
      • System Check
      • Circuit Checks
        • Notes
        • Control Switch/Control Unit Check
        • Switch/Vent Valve Check
        • Vacuum Pump Motor Check
        • Vent Valve Check
    • Removal & Installation
      • Brake & Clutch Vent Valves
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Control Unit
      • Steering Column Control Switch
      • Vacuum Pump
      • Vacuum Servo
      • Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS)
    • Wiring Diagram
  • Gauges & Instrument Panels
    • Description & Operation
      • Notes
      • Auto-Check System
        • Notes
        • DANGER Display
        • WARNING Display
      • Trip Computer
        • Notes
        • Instantaneous Fuel Consumption
        • Miles-To-Empty
        • Fuel Consumption Per Trip
        • Driving Time
        • Average Fuel Consumption
        • Average Driving Speed
    • Component Tests
      • Auto-Check System Test
      • Coolant Temperature Gauge Test
      • Coolant Overheat Warning Symbol
      • Fuel Gauge Test
      • Indicator Light Tests
        • Brake Fluid Level
        • Coolant Level
        • Coolant Temperature (With Auto-Check)
        • Oil Pressure
        • Windshield Washer Fluid Level
      • Oil Pressure Gauge Test
      • Oil Temperature Gauge Test
      • Speedometer Test
      • Rpm Sensor Test
      • Tachometer Test
      • Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS) Test
      • Voltage Regulator Test
    • Removal & Installation
      • Notes
      • Center Console
      • Instrument Cluster
    • Wiring Diagram
  • Heated Glass/Defoggers
    • Defogger - Rear Window
      • Description & Operation
      • On-Vehicle Service
        • Grid Filament Repair
      • Trouble Shooting
        • Defogger Does Not Work
        • Indicator Light Does Not Work
      • Testing
        • System Test
        • Control Switch Test
        • Filament Test
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Mirrors - Power
    • Description & Operation
    • Trouble Shooting
      • Left Or Right Power Mirror Inoperative
    • Testing
    • Removal & Installation
      • Power Mirror Assembly
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Power Mirror Glass
    • Wiring Diagram
  • Seats - Power
    • Description & Operation
    • Testing
    • Removal & Installation
      • Backrest Adjustment Motor
      • Power Seat Adjustment Motor
      • Power Seat Adjustment Switch
      • Power Seat Assembly
    • Wiring Diagrams
  • Steering Column Switches
    • Description
    • Testing
    • Removal & Installation
      • Steering Wheel & Horn Pad
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Combination Switch
      • Ignition Switch & Lock Cylinder
        • Removal
        • Installation
    • Torque Specifications
    • Wiring Diagram
  • Window Motors & Regulators
    • Power Windows
      • Description & Operation
      • Component Tests
        • Window Motor
      • Removal & Installation
        • Window Motor
        • Window Switch
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Wiper/Washer Systems
    • Description & Operation
    • Adjustments
      • Wiper Arm Angle
    • Component Tests
    • Removal & Installation
      • Wiper Motor
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Wiper Switch
    • Wiring Diagram
• Body & Frame
  • Anti-Theft, Interior Light Delay & Power Door Locks
    • Description & Operation
    • Trouble Shooting
      • Notes
      • System Does Not Operate
        • Notes
        • Power & Ground Check
        • Alarm Horn Check
        • Signal Light Check
        • Door Lock Switch Check (Driver's Door)
        • Lock Cylinder Switch Check (Driver's Door)
        • Lock Cylinder Switch Check (Passenger Door)
        • Alarm Switch & Trunk Lock Check
        • Ignition/Starter Switch Check
        • Interior Light Check
        • Door Contact Switch Check
        • Alarm Switch (Trunk) Check
        • Control Module Ground Circuit Check
      • Vacuum System Check
        • Door Lock System Does Not Operate
    • System Tests
      • Notes
      • Control Module Test
    • Removal & Installation
      • Notes
      • Control Module
    • Wiring Diagrams
  • Mirrors - Power
    • Description & Operation
    • Trouble Shooting
      • Left Or Right Power Mirror Inoperative
    • Testing
    • Removal & Installation
      • Power Mirror Assembly
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Power Mirror Glass
    • Wiring Diagram
  • Seats - Power
    • Description & Operation
    • Testing
    • Removal & Installation
      • Backrest Adjustment Motor
      • Power Seat Adjustment Motor
      • Power Seat Adjustment Switch
      • Power Seat Assembly
    • Wiring Diagrams
  • Sun Roof/T-Top/Convertible Top
    • Sun Roof - Power
      • Description & Operation
      • Adjustments
        • Guide Plate
        • Sun Roof Height Adjustment
        • Sun Roof Motor
      • Maintenance
        • Drain Tubes
      • Component Tests
        • Notes
        • Control Module
        • Power & Ground Check
        • Control Switch Check
        • Sun Roof Motor
        • Sun Roof Relay Check
      • Removal & Installation
        • Drive Cables
        • Guide Plate
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Sun Roof Module & Motor
      • Wiring Diagram
  • Power Windows
    • Description & Operation
    • Component Tests
      • Window Motor
    • Removal & Installation
      • Window Motor
      • Window Switch
    • Wiring Diagrams
• Brakes
  • Anti-Lock Brakes
    • Anti-Lock Brake System
      • Description
        • Notes
        • Abs Control Unit
        • Vehicle Speed Sensor
      • Servicing
      • Bleeding Brake System
        • Bleeding Procedures
      • Trouble Shooting
        • Anti-Lock Warning Light
        • Operational Checks
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Pre-Diagnosis Testing & Preparation
          • Pre-Diagnosis Inspection
          • Test Equipment
          • Equipment Hook-Up
          • Preparation
        • Hydraulic Pressure Test
        • Test No. 1
          • Power Supply Circuitry
        • Test No. 2
          • Alternator & Brakelight
        • Test No. 3
          • Return Pump Motor & Relay
        • Test No. 5
          • Solenoid Valve Relay
        • Test No. 6
          • Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS)
        • Final Check
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Pressure Accumulator
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Abs Control Unit
          • Removal & Installation
        • Hydraulic Modulator
          • Removal & Installation
        • Front Vehicle Speed Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Rear Vehicle Speed Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wiring Diagrams
    • Anti-Lock Brake System/Traction Control
      • Description
      • Operation
        • Anti-Lock Brake System
        • Electronic Differential Lock
        • Traction Control System
        • Abs Control Module
      • Servicing
        • Brake Fluid
      • Bleeding Brake System
      • Trouble Shooting
        • Warning Lights
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Preliminary Checks
        • Equipment Hook-Up
        • RETRIEVING DTCs
        • CLEARING DTCs
      • DTC Testing
        • Notes
        • DTC 00000 - No Fault Detected
        • DTC 00257 - Left/Front Inlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00259 - Right/Front Inlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00265 - Left/Front Outlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00267 - Right/Front Outlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00273 - Right/Rear Inlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00274 - Left/Rear Inlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00275 - Right/Rear Outlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00276 - Left/Rear Outlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00283 - Left/Front Wheel Speed Sensor
        • DTC 00285 - Right/Front Wheel Speed Sensor
        • DTC 00287 - Right/Rear Wheel Speed Sensor
        • DTC 00290 - Left/Rear Wheel Speed Sensor
        • DTC 00301 - Return Flow Pump
        • DTC 00302 - Abs Solenoid Valve Relay
        • DTC 00526 - Stoplight Switch
        • DTC 00529 - Rpm Signal Missing
        • DTC 00532 - Supply Voltage
        • DTC 00597 - Varying Wheel Speed Impulse
        • DTC 00623 - Abs/Transmission Electrical Connection
        • DTC 00642 - Right/Front EDL Switch-Over Valve
        • DTC 00643 - Right/Front EDL Outlet Valve
        • DTC 00644 - Left/Front EDL Switch-Over Valve
        • DTC 00645 - Left/Front EDL Outlet Valve
        • DTC 00646 - Abs Motor Electrical Connection No. 1
        • DTC 00647 - Abs Motor Electrical Connection No. 2
        • DTC 00668 - Abs Control Module Keep Alive Power
        • DTC 00761 - DTC Stored In ECM
        • DTC 65535 - Control Module Fault
      • Circuit Tests
      • Removal & Installation
        • Hydraulic Unit
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Wheel Speed Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
      • Adjustments
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Mechanical - Hydraulic
    • Disc Brakes
      • Model Identification
      • Description & Operation
      • Bleeding Brake System
        • Bleeding Procedure
      • Adjustments
        • BRAKELIGHT Switch
          • Pedal Bracket With Internal Thread For Brake Light Switch
          • Pedal Bracket With Spring Clip For Brake Light Switch
        • Cruise Control System Vent Valves
        • Power Booster Push Rod
          • Notes
          • Adjustment
        • Parking Brake
        • Wheel Bearings
          • Front
          • Rear (Quattro)
          • Rear (Except Quattro)
      • Testing
        • Brake Pad Warning Light
          • Notes
          • Dual Piston Front Calipers
        • Master Cylinder Leakage Test
      • Servicing
        • Recommended Brake Fluid Change Interval
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Center Console
        • Front Brake Caliper
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (Single Piston)
          • Removal & Installation (Dual Piston)
        • Front Brake Pads
          • Notes
          • Removal (Single Piston Caliper)
          • Installation (Single Piston Caliper)
          • Removal (Dual Piston Caliper)
          • Installation (Dual Piston Caliper)
        • Front & Rear Rotor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Master Cylinder
          • Removal - With 0.937" (23.81 mm) Diameter Piston
          • Installation - With 0.937" (23.81 mm) Diameter Piston
          • Removal - With .999" (25.4 mm) Diameter Piston & Brake Servo
          • Installation - With .999" (25.4 mm) Diameter Piston & Brake Servo
        • Parking Brake Cables
          • FWD Vehicles
          • AWD Vehicles
        • Parking Brake Handle
        • Power Booster
          • Notes
          • Removal - With .937" (23.81 mm) Piston Diameter Master Cylinder
          • Installation - With .937" (23.81 mm) Piston Diameter Master Cylinder
        • Rear Brake Caliper
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Rear Brake Pads
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation (Except Aluminum Rear Calipers)
          • Installation (Aluminum Rear Calipers)
      • Overhaul
        • Front Caliper
          • Notes
          • Disassembly
          • Cleaning & Inspection
          • Reassembly
        • Rear Caliper
          • Notes
          • Disassembly
          • Cleaning & Inspection
          • Reassembly
        • Master Cylinder
        • Power Booster
      • Torque Specifications
      • Disc Brake Specifications
  • Traction Control
    • Anti-Lock Brake System
      • Description
        • Notes
        • Abs Control Unit
        • Vehicle Speed Sensor
      • Servicing
      • Bleeding Brake System
        • Bleeding Procedures
      • Trouble Shooting
        • Anti-Lock Warning Light
        • Operational Checks
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Pre-Diagnosis Testing & Preparation
          • Pre-Diagnosis Inspection
          • Test Equipment
          • Equipment Hook-Up
          • Preparation
        • Hydraulic Pressure Test
        • Test No. 1
          • Power Supply Circuitry
        • Test No. 2
          • Alternator & Brakelight
        • Test No. 3
          • Return Pump Motor & Relay
        • Test No. 5
          • Solenoid Valve Relay
        • Test No. 6
          • Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS)
        • Final Check
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Pressure Accumulator
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Abs Control Unit
          • Removal & Installation
        • Hydraulic Modulator
          • Removal & Installation
        • Front Vehicle Speed Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Rear Vehicle Speed Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wiring Diagrams
    • Anti-Lock Brake System/Traction Control
      • Description
      • Operation
        • Anti-Lock Brake System
        • Electronic Differential Lock
        • Traction Control System
        • Abs Control Module
      • Servicing
        • Brake Fluid
      • Bleeding Brake System
      • Trouble Shooting
        • Warning Lights
      • Diagnosis & Testing
        • Preliminary Checks
        • Equipment Hook-Up
        • RETRIEVING DTCs
        • CLEARING DTCs
      • DTC Testing
        • Notes
        • DTC 00000 - No Fault Detected
        • DTC 00257 - Left/Front Inlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00259 - Right/Front Inlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00265 - Left/Front Outlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00267 - Right/Front Outlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00273 - Right/Rear Inlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00274 - Left/Rear Inlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00275 - Right/Rear Outlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00276 - Left/Rear Outlet Valve Circuit
        • DTC 00283 - Left/Front Wheel Speed Sensor
        • DTC 00285 - Right/Front Wheel Speed Sensor
        • DTC 00287 - Right/Rear Wheel Speed Sensor
        • DTC 00290 - Left/Rear Wheel Speed Sensor
        • DTC 00301 - Return Flow Pump
        • DTC 00302 - Abs Solenoid Valve Relay
        • DTC 00526 - Stoplight Switch
        • DTC 00529 - Rpm Signal Missing
        • DTC 00532 - Supply Voltage
        • DTC 00597 - Varying Wheel Speed Impulse
        • DTC 00623 - Abs/Transmission Electrical Connection
        • DTC 00642 - Right/Front EDL Switch-Over Valve
        • DTC 00643 - Right/Front EDL Outlet Valve
        • DTC 00644 - Left/Front EDL Switch-Over Valve
        • DTC 00645 - Left/Front EDL Outlet Valve
        • DTC 00646 - Abs Motor Electrical Connection No. 1
        • DTC 00647 - Abs Motor Electrical Connection No. 2
        • DTC 00668 - Abs Control Module Keep Alive Power
        • DTC 00761 - DTC Stored In ECM
        • DTC 65535 - Control Module Fault
      • Circuit Tests
      • Removal & Installation
        • Hydraulic Unit
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Wheel Speed Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
      • Adjustments
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wiring Diagrams
• Drivelines & Axles
  • Axle Shafts - Front & Rear
    • Description & Operation
    • Lubrication
    • Removal & Installation
      • Notes
      • Front Axle Shaft
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Rear Axle Shaft
        • Removal
        • Installation
    • Overhaul
      • Notes
      • Constant Velocity Joints (Front Axle)
        • Notes
        • Inner CV Joint (Solid Axle)
        • Outer CV Joint (Solid Axle)
        • Outer CV Joint (With Hollow Axle)
        • Front Inner Triple-Roller Joint
      • Constant Velocity Joints (Rear Axle)
        • Inner CV Joint (Rear Axle)
        • Outer CV Joint (Rear Axle)
    • Torque Specifications
    • Special Tools
  • Differentials & Drive Axles
    • Differential & Drive Shaft
      • Axle Ratio & Identification
      • Description
      • Lubrication
        • Fluid Type & Capacity
      • Trouble Shooting
      • Drive Shaft Alignment
      • Removal & Installation
        • Differential & Drive Shaft
          • Removal, Installation & Alignment
      • Axle Shaft
      • Rear Hub & Bearing Assembly
      • Side Gear Shaft Oil Seal
        • Differential & Drive Shaft
          • Removal (Right Side)
          • Installation
          • Removal (Left Side)
      • Differential Assembly
        • Differential & Drive Shaft
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Overhaul
        • Differential Assembly
          • Notes
          • Disassembly
          • Reassembly
        • Torque Tube
          • Disassembly & Reassembly
        • Adjustments
          • Clutch Body Shim Thickness
          • Drive Pinion & Ring Gear
          • Drive Pinion
          • Differential Bearing Preload
          • Torque Backlash
      • Torque Specifications
• Electrical
  • Charging Systems
    • Alternator & Regulator
      • Description
      • Adjustments
        • Belt Tension
      • Testing
        • On-Vehicle Testing
          • Generator Exciter Circuit Tests (Current Test)
          • Generator Exciter Circuit Tests (Resistance Test)
          • Generator Output Test
        • Bench Testing
          • Diode Assembly
          • Stator
          • Rotor
          • Brushes
      • Trouble Shooting
        • Notes
        • Indicator Light Circuit
          • Light Does Not Come On With Ignition On & Engine Off
          • Light Remains On When Ignition Is Off
          • Light Does Not Go Out When Engine RPM Is Increased
      • Removal & Installation
        • Generator
          • Removal & Installation
      • Overhaul
      • Wiring Diagrams
  • Component Locations
    • Diagnostic Connector (DLC) Locations
      • Domestic Cars
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
      • Domestic Light Trucks & Vans
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
      • Imported Cars & Trucks
        • ACURA
        • AUDI
        • BENTLEY
        • BMW
        • DAIHATSU
        • CHRYSLER Group LLC
        • FERRARI
        • Ford Motor Co.
        • General Motors
        • HONDA
        • HYUNDAI
        • INFINITI
        • ISUZU
        • Jaguar
        • KIA
        • Land Rover
        • LEXUS
        • MAZDA
        • MERCEDES-BENZ
        • MITSUBISHI
        • NISSAN
        • PEUGEOT
        • PORSCHE
        • RENAULT
        • Rolls-ROYCE
        • SAAB
        • SUBARU
        • SUZUKI
        • TOYOTA
        • VOLKSWAGEN
        • VOLVO
    • Electrical Component Locator
      • Buzzers, Relays & Timers
      • Circuit Protection Devices
      • Control Units
      • Motors
      • Sending Units & Sensors
      • Solenoids & Solenoid Valves
      • Switches
      • Miscellaneous
      • Connectors
      • Grounds
      • Component Location Graphics
  • Fuses & Circuit Breakers
    • Fuses
      • Fuse Panel Location
      • Fuse Color Identification
      • Fuse Panel Identification
    • Relays
      • Eight-Way Relay Carrier
      • Thirteen-Way Relay Carrier
      • Central Electrical Panel
  • Gauges
    • Instrument Panels
      • Description & Operation
        • Notes
        • Auto-Check System
          • Notes
          • DANGER Display
          • WARNING Display
        • Trip Computer
          • Notes
          • Instantaneous Fuel Consumption
          • Miles-To-Empty
          • Fuel Consumption Per Trip
          • Driving Time
          • Average Fuel Consumption
          • Average Driving Speed
      • Component Tests
        • Auto-Check System Test
        • Coolant Temperature Gauge Test
        • Coolant Overheat Warning Symbol
        • Fuel Gauge Test
        • Indicator Light Tests
          • Brake Fluid Level
          • Coolant Level
          • Coolant Temperature (With Auto-Check)
          • Oil Pressure
          • Windshield Washer Fluid Level
        • Oil Pressure Gauge Test
        • Oil Temperature Gauge Test
        • Speedometer Test
        • Rpm Sensor Test
        • Tachometer Test
        • Vehicle Speed Sensor (VSS) Test
        • Voltage Regulator Test
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Center Console
        • Instrument Cluster
      • Wiring Diagram
  • Starters
    • Description
    • Trouble Shooting
      • Notes
      • Starter Does Not Crank Engine
      • Starter Cranks Too Slowly
    • Removal & Installation
      • Starter
        • Removal & Installation
        • Torque Specifications
    • Overhaul
    • Wiring Diagrams
  • Wiring Diagrams
    • System Wiring Diagrams
      • Air Conditioning
      • Anti-Lock Brakes
      • Anti-Theft
      • Computer Data Lines
      • Cooling Fan
      • Cruise Control
      • Defoggers
      • Engine Performance
        • 2.8L
      • Exterior Lights
      • Ground Distribution
      • Headlights
      • Horn
      • Instrument Cluster
      • Interior Lights
      • Power Distribution
      • Power Door Locks
      • Power Mirrors
      • Power Seats
      • Power Top/Sunroof
      • Power Windows
      • Radio
      • Shift Interlock
      • Starting/Charging
      • Supplemental Restraints
      • Transmission
      • Warning Systems
      • Wiper/Washer
    • Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
      • Introduction
      • Wiring Diagram Features And Controls
      • Wiring Diagram Color Abbreviations
      • Wiring Diagram Symbols
      • Wiring Diagram Ground Number Locations
      • Wiring Diagram Component Locations
• Engine Mechanical
  • Accessory Drive Belts
    • Cooling System Specifications & Drive Belt Routing
      • Identification
        • Engine Identification
      • Component Locations
        • Cooling System Identification
      • Draining, Filling & Bleeding
        • Cooling System Precautions
        • Draining, Filling & Bleeding Cooling System
          • Notes
          • 1.8L Turbo (Engine Code AEB & ATM)
          • 1.8L Turbo (Engine Code AWM)
          • 2.8L 12-Valve V6 (AFC)
          • 2.8L 30-Valve V6 (AHA & ATQ)
      • Servicing
      • Adjustments
        • Notes
        • Serpentine Belts
          • Main Accessory Drive Belt
          • Air Conditioning Compressor (1.8L)
        • V-Belts
          • Water Pump (1.8L AEB & ATW)
      • Drive Belt Routing
        • Drive Belt Routing (1.8L Turbo Engine Codes AEB, ATM & ATW)
        • Drive Belt Routing (1.8L Turbo Engine Code AWM)
        • Drive Belt Routing (2.8L V6 Engine Codes AFC, Aha & ATQ)
      • Cooling System Specifications
      • Torque Specifications
  • Engine Cooling Fan
    • Description
    • Testing
      • Coolant Fan THERMOSWITCH
    • Wiring Diagrams
  • Cooling System (Mechanical)
    • Cooling System Specifications & Drive Belt Routing
      • Identification
        • Engine Identification
      • Component Locations
        • Cooling System Identification
      • Draining, Filling & Bleeding
        • Cooling System Precautions
        • Draining, Filling & Bleeding Cooling System
          • Notes
          • 1.8L Turbo (Engine Code AEB & ATM)
          • 1.8L Turbo (Engine Code AWM)
          • 2.8L 12-Valve V6 (AFC)
          • 2.8L 30-Valve V6 (AHA & ATQ)
      • Servicing
      • Adjustments
        • Notes
        • Serpentine Belts
          • Main Accessory Drive Belt
          • Air Conditioning Compressor (1.8L)
        • V-Belts
          • Water Pump (1.8L AEB & ATW)
      • Drive Belt Routing
        • Drive Belt Routing (1.8L Turbo Engine Codes AEB, ATM & ATW)
        • Drive Belt Routing (1.8L Turbo Engine Code AWM)
        • Drive Belt Routing (2.8L V6 Engine Codes AFC, Aha & ATQ)
      • Cooling System Specifications
      • Torque Specifications
  • Mechanical
    • 2.8L V6 12-Valve
      • Engine Identification
      • Adjustments
        • Valve Clearance Adjustment
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Fuel Pressure Release
        • Cooling System Bleeding
        • Engine
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Intake Manifold
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Exhaust Manifold
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Cylinder Head
          • Removal
          • Inspection
          • Installation
        • Valve Cover
          • Removal & Installation
        • Front Cover Oil Seal
          • Removal & Installation
        • Timing Belt
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Valve Adjusters
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Camshaft
          • Removal
          • Checking Camshaft End Play
          • Installation
        • Camshaft Seal
          • Removal & Installation
        • Cylinder Head Rear End Seals
          • Removal & Installation (Left)
          • Removal & Installation (Right With Vacuum Pump)
          • Removal & Installation (Right Without Vacuum Pump)
        • Crankshaft Rear Oil Seal
          • Removal & Installation
        • Water Pump
          • Removal & Installation
        • Oil Pan
        • Oil Retention Valves
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
      • Overhaul
        • Cylinder Head
          • Cylinder Head
          • Valve Springs
          • Valve Stem Oil Seals
          • Valve Guides
          • Valve Seat
          • Valves
          • Valve Seat Correction Angles
        • Cylinder Block Assembly
          • Notes
          • Piston & Rod Assembly
          • Fitting Pistons
          • Piston Rings
          • Rod Bearings
          • Crankshaft & Main Bearings
          • Thrust Bearing
          • Cylinder Block
      • Engine Oiling
        • Valve Train
          • Notes
          • Valve Adjuster Noise
          • Valve Adjuster Inspection
        • Engine Lubrication System
          • Notes
          • Crankcase Capacity
          • Oil Pressure
        • Oil Pump
          • Notes
          • Removal & Disassembly
          • Inspection
          • Reassembly & Installation
      • Torque Specifications
      • Engine Specifications
        • General Specifications
        • Crankshaft, Main Bearings & Connecting Rod Bearings Specifications
        • Pistons, Piston Pins & Piston Rings Specifications
        • Cylinder Block Specifications
        • Engine Valves & Valve Springs Specifications
        • Cylinder Head Specifications
        • Camshaft Specifications
  • Starters
    • Description
    • Trouble Shooting
      • Notes
      • Starter Does Not Crank Engine
      • Starter Cranks Too Slowly
    • Removal & Installation
      • Starter
        • Removal & Installation
        • Torque Specifications
    • Overhaul
    • Wiring Diagrams
  • Timing Belt Replacement - 2.8L (12-Valve)
    • Model Applications
    • Manufacturer's Suggested Scheduled Maintenance
    • Removal & Installation
      • Notes
      • Removal
      • Installation
    • Torque Specifications
• Engine Performance
  • Engine Controls - Adjustments
    • Introduction
    • Engine Mechanical
    • Accelerator Pedal Cable
    • Closed Throttle Position (CTP) Switch
    • Engine Speed (Rpm) Sensor Bracket
    • Idle Speed & Mixture
      • Notes
      • Idle Speed & Mixture
    • Ignition Timing
    • Valve Clearance
  • Application
    • Engine/VIN Id
      • Identification
        • General Specifications & VIN Identification
      • VIN Definition
        • Example VIN
        • VIN Definition Breakdown
      • Model/Year VIN Code Application
      • Engine Code Location
  • Emissions
    • EGR Function Testing - AUDI
      • EGR Function Testing - AUDI
        • Test 1
          • All Models (Ported EGR Valve)
        • Test 2
    • Emission Applications
      • Emission Applications
    • Emission Control Abbreviations
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • State Emission Standards - Diesel
      • ARIZONA
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • IDAHO
      • KENTUCKY
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • New YORK
      • OHIO
      • RHODE Island
      • UTAH
      • WASHINGTON
    • State Emission Standards - Gas
      • ALASKA
      • ARIZONA
      • CALIFORNIA
        • California Emission Standards ASM Tests
        • Legend
        • Pass/Fail Emission Standards = A+B / VTW
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • DELAWARE
      • District Of COLUMBIA
      • GEORGIA
      • IDAHO
      • ILLINOIS
      • INDIANA
      • KENTUCKY
      • MARYLAND
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • MISSOURI
      • NEVADA
      • New Jersey
      • New MEXICO
      • New YORK
      • North CAROLINA
      • OHIO
      • OREGON
      • PENNSYLVANIA
      • RHODE Island
      • TENNESSEE
      • TEXAS
      • UTAH
      • VIRGINIA
      • WASHINGTON
      • WISCONSIN
      • U. S. EPA ASM2525 & ASM5015 Start-Up Emission Standards
      • U. S. EPA Revised Final ASM Emission Standards (ASM5015 & ASM2525)
      • U.S. EPA Im240 Emission Standards
        • Start-Up Standards
        • Final Standards
  • Remove, Overhaul & Install
    • Engine Controls - Remove/Install/Overhaul
      • Introduction
      • Ignition System
        • Notes
        • Camshaft Position (CMP) Sensor
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Crankshaft Position (CKP) Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Engine Speed (Rpm) Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Knock Sensor (KS)
          • Removal & Installation
      • Sensors
        • Heated Oxygen Sensor (Ho2S)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Mass Airflow (MAF) Sensor
          • Removal & Installation
      • Fuel System
        • Notes
        • Fuel Pressure Release
        • Fuel Filter
        • Fuel Pump
          • Removal & Installation (2.8L)
      • Timing Belt
        • 2.8L
      • Component Location
      • Torque Specifications
  • Sensor Range Charts
    • Engine Controls - Sensor Operating Range Charts
      • Introduction
      • Sensor Range Charts
  • Engine Controls - Specifications
    • Introduction
    • Capacities
    • Quick-Service
      • Service Intervals & Specifications
      • Drive Belt Inspection
    • Mechanical Checks
      • Engine Compression
      • Valve Clearance
    • Ignition System
      • Ignition Coil(S)
      • High Tension Wire Resistance
      • Spark Plugs
      • Firing Order
      • Ignition Timing
    • Fuel System
      • Fuel Pump
      • Injector Resistance
      • Idle Speed & Mixture
  • System
    • Engine Controls - Basic Testing
      • Introduction
      • Preliminary Inspection & Adjustments
        • Visual Inspection
        • Mechanical Inspection
          • Compression
          • Exhaust System Backpressure
      • Fuel System
        • Notes
        • Fuel Pressure Release
        • Fuel Pressure Test
          • Notes
          • Fuel System Pressure
          • Fuel System Residual Pressure
        • Fuel Injector Test
          • Fuel Injector Leak Test
          • Fuel Injector Resistance Test
          • Fuel Injector Quantity Test
        • Fuel Pump Check Valve Test
      • Ignition System
        • Notes
        • Spark Test
        • Camshaft Position (CMP) Sensor
          • Checking Voltage Supply
        • Crankshaft Position (CKP) Sensor
          • Checking Resistance
        • Ignition Coil
          • Ignition Coil Primary Resistance
          • Ignition Coil Secondary Resistance
          • Ignition Coil Voltage Supply
          • Ignition Coil Output Stage Voltage Check
          • Ignition Coil Output Stage Ground Check
      • Idle Speed & Ignition Timing
      • Summary
      • Wiring Diagrams
    • Engine Controls - System/Component Tests
      • Introduction
      • Engine Switches
        • Closed Throttle Position (CTP) Switch
      • Fuel System
        • Notes
        • Fuel Pressure Release
        • Fuel Pressure Test
          • Notes
          • Fuel System Pressure
          • Fuel System Residual Pressure
        • Fuel Injector Test
          • Fuel Injector Leak Test
          • Fuel Injector Resistance Test
          • Fuel Injector Quantity Test
        • Fuel Pump Check Valve Test
        • Fuel Pump Relay
      • Ignition System
        • Notes
        • Spark Test
        • Camshaft Position (CMP) Sensor
          • Checking Voltage Supply
        • Crankshaft Position (CKP) Sensor
          • Checking Resistance
        • Ignition Coil
          • Ignition Coil Primary Resistance
          • Ignition Coil Secondary Resistance
          • Ignition Coil Voltage Supply
          • Ignition Coil Output Stage Voltage Check
          • Ignition Coil Output Stage Ground Check
      • Wiring Diagrams
    • Engine Controls - Tests W/Codes - 2.8L
      • Engine Identification
      • Introduction
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCS)
        • Malfunction Indicator Light (Mil)
        • Hard Failures
        • Intermittent Failures
        • Pcm Location
      • Retrieving Codes
        • Visual Inspection
        • Retrieving Codes
      • Clearing Codes
      • Pcm Voltage & Ground Check
        • Notes
        • Voltage Check
        • Ground Check
      • Pcm Coding
      • Test Drive
      • Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Identification
      • Connector Identification
      • Circuit Tests
        • Notes
        • DTC P0102/16486 - MAF Circuit Low Input
        • DTC P0103/16487 - MAF Circuit High Input
        • DTC P0116/16500 - ECT Sensor CKT Range/Performance Problem
        • DTC P0117/16501 - ECT Sensor Circuit Low Input
        • DTC P0118/16502 - ECT Sensor Circuit High Input
        • DTC P0120/16504 - TP Sensor Circuit Malfunction
        • DTC P0121/16505 - TP Sensor CKT Range/Performance Problem
        • DTC P0122/16506 - TP Sensor Circuit Low Input
        • DTC P0123/16507 - TP Sensor Circuit High Input
        • DTC P0130/16514 - Ho2S Circuit Malfunction (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0132/16516 - Ho2S Circuit High Voltage (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0133/16517 - Ho2S CKT Slow Response (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0134/16518 - Ho2S Circuit No Activity Detected (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0135/16519 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0136/16520 - Ho2S CKT Malfunction (Bank 1, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0138/16522 - Ho2S CKT High Voltage (Bank 1, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0141/16525 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 1, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0150/16534 - Ho2S CKT Malfunction (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0152/16536 - Ho2S CKT High Voltage (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0153/16537 - Ho2S CKT Slow Response (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0154/16538 - Ho2S Circuit No Activity Detected (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0155/16539 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0156/16540 - Ho2S CKT Malfunction (Bank 2, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0158/16542 - Ho2S CKT High Voltage (Bank 2, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0161/16545 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 2, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0170/16554 - Fuel Trim Malfunction (Bank 1)
        • DTC P0171/16555 - System Too Lean (Bank 1)
        • DTC P0172/16556 - System Too Rich (Bank 1)
        • DTC P0173/16557 - Fuel Trim Malfunction (Bank 2)
        • DTC P0174/16558 - System Too Lean (Bank 2)
        • DTC P0175/16559 - System Too Rich (Bank 2)
        • DTC P0300/16684 - Random Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0301/16685 - Cylinder No. 1 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0302/16686 - Cylinder No. 2 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0303/16687 - Cylinder No. 3 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0304/16688 - Cylinder No. 4 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0305/16689 - Cylinder No. 5 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0306/16690 - Cylinder No. 6 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0322/16706 - Ignition Engine Speed Input Circuit No Signal
        • DTC P0327/16711 - Knock Sensor No. 1 Circuit Low Input (Bank 1 Or Single Sensor)
        • DTC P0332/16716 - Knock Sensor No. 2 CKT Low Input (Bank 2)
        • DTC P0337/16721 - Crankshaft Position Sensor CKT Low Input
        • DTC P0401/16785 - EGR Flow Insufficient Detected
        • DTC P0402/16786 - EGR Flow Excessive Detected
        • DTC P0422/16806 - Main Catalyst Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 1)
        • DTC P0432/16806 - Main Catalyst Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 2)
        • DTC P0440/16824 - EVAP System Malfunction
        • DTC P0452/16836 - EVAP System Pressure Sensor Low Input
        • DTC P0453/16837 - EVAP System Pressure Sensor High Input
        • DTC P0461/16845 - Fuel Level Sensor Circuit Range/Performance
        • DTC P0501/16885 - Vehicle Speed Sensor Range/Performance
        • DTC P0605/16989 - Pcm ROM Error
        • DTC P0706/17090 - Trans Range Sensor CKT Range/Performance
        • DTC P0707/17091 - Transmission Range Sensor CKT Low Input
        • DTC P1101/17509 - Ho2S Voltage Too Low/Air Leak (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P1102/17510 - Ho2S Heater CKT SHRT To B+ (Bank 1, Sens 1)
        • DTC P1104/17512 - Ho2S Voltage Too Low/Air Leak (Bank 1, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P1105/17513 - Ho2S HTR CKT SHRT To B+ (Bank 1, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P1106/17514 - Ho2S Voltage Too Low/Air Leak (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P1107/17515 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Short To B+ (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P1109/17517 - Ho2S Voltage Too Low/Air Leak (Bank 2, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P1110/17518 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Short To B+ (Bank 2, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P1201/17609 - Cylinder No. 1 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1202/17610 - Cylinder No. 2 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1203/17611 - Cylinder No. 3 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1204/17612 - Cylinder No. 4 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1205/17613 - Cylinder No. 5 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1206/17614 - Cylinder No. 6 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1213/17621 - Cylinder No. 1 Fuel Injector CKT Short To B+
        • DTC P1214/17622 - Cylinder No. 2 Fuel Injector CKT Short To B+
        • DTC P1215/17623 - Cylinder No. 3 Fuel Injector CKT SHRT To B+
        • DTC P1216/17624 - Cylinder No. 4 Fuel Injector CKT SHRT To B+
        • DTC P1217/17625 - Cylinder No. 5 Fuel Injector CKT SHRT To B+
        • DTC P1218/17626 - Cylinder No. 6 Fuel Injector CKT SHRT To B+
        • DTC P1250/17658 - Fuel Level Too Low
        • DTC P1325/17733 - Cylinder No. 1 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1326/17734 - Cylinder No. 2 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1327/17735 - Cylinder No. 3 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1328/17736 - Cylinder No. 4 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1329/17737 - Cylinder No. 5 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1330/17738 - Cylinder No. 5 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1339/17747 - Crankshaft Position Sensor/Engine Speed Sensor Cross Connected
        • DTC P1340/17748 - Camshaft/Crankshaft Position Sensor Signals Out Of Sequence
        • DTC P1341/17749 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 1 Short To Ground
        • DTC P1343/17751 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 2 Short To Ground
        • DTC P1345/17753 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 2 Short To Ground
        • DTC P1391/17799 - CMP Sensor Short To Ground
        • DTC P1392/17800 - CMP Sensor Open Circuit Or Short To B+
        • DTC P1393/17801 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 1 Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1394/17802 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 2 Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1395/17803 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 3 Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1396/17804 - Engine Speed Sensor Missing Tooth
        • DTC P1400/17808 - EGR Valve Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1402/17810 - EGR Valve Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1407/17815 - EGR Temperature Sensor Signal Too Low
        • DTC P1408/17816 - EGR Temperature Sensor Signal Too High
        • DTC P1409/17817 - Fuel Tank Ventilation Valve ELEC MALFNCTION
        • DTC P1410/17818 - Fuel Tank Ventilation Valve Short To B+
        • DTC P1500/17908 - Fuel Pump Relay Circuit ELEC Malfunction
        • DTC P1504/17912 - Intake Air System Bypass Air Determined
        • DTC P1505/17913 - CTP Switch Does Not Close (Open Circuit)
        • DTC P1506/17914 - CTP Switch Does Not Open (Short To Ground)
        • DTC P1509/17917 - IAC Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1510/17918 - IAC Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1511/17919 - Intake Manifold Change-Over Valve Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1512/17920 - Intake Manifold Change-Over Valve Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1600/18008 - Power Supply (B+) Terminal 15 Low Voltage
        • DTC P1602/18010 - Power Supply (B+) Terminal 30 Low Voltage
        • DTC P1606/18014 - Rough Road/ACCEL Sensor ELEC Malfunction
        • DTC P1611/18019 - Malfunction Indicator Light (Mil) Call-Up/Transmission Control Module (TCM) Short To Ground
        • DTC P1612/18020 - Pcm Incorrectly Coded
        • DTC P1613/18021 - Malfunction Indicator Light (Mil) Call-Up Circuit Open Or Short To B+
      • Summary
      • Wiring Diagrams
    • Engine Controls - Tests W/O Codes
      • Introduction
      • Symptoms
        • Symptom Diagnosis
        • Will Not Start (Cranks Okay)
          • Spark
          • No Spark
        • Difficult Start (Cranks Okay)
        • Engine Surges
        • Rough Or Unstable Idle
        • Excessive Fast Idle
        • Engine Stalls
        • Engine Lacks Power
        • Engine Misfires Or Hesitates
        • AFTERBURN In Exhaust System
        • Poor Fuel Mileage
        • Detonation Or Knocking
        • Fails Emission Test
      • INTERMITTENTS
        • Intermittent Problem Diagnosis
        • Test Procedures
          • Intermittent Simulation
  • Testing & Diagnosis
    • Engine Controls - Basic Testing
      • Introduction
      • Preliminary Inspection & Adjustments
        • Visual Inspection
        • Mechanical Inspection
          • Compression
          • Exhaust System Backpressure
      • Fuel System
        • Notes
        • Fuel Pressure Release
        • Fuel Pressure Test
          • Notes
          • Fuel System Pressure
          • Fuel System Residual Pressure
        • Fuel Injector Test
          • Fuel Injector Leak Test
          • Fuel Injector Resistance Test
          • Fuel Injector Quantity Test
        • Fuel Pump Check Valve Test
      • Ignition System
        • Notes
        • Spark Test
        • Camshaft Position (CMP) Sensor
          • Checking Voltage Supply
        • Crankshaft Position (CKP) Sensor
          • Checking Resistance
        • Ignition Coil
          • Ignition Coil Primary Resistance
          • Ignition Coil Secondary Resistance
          • Ignition Coil Voltage Supply
          • Ignition Coil Output Stage Voltage Check
          • Ignition Coil Output Stage Ground Check
      • Idle Speed & Ignition Timing
      • Summary
      • Wiring Diagrams
    • Engine Controls - System/Component Tests
      • Introduction
      • Engine Switches
        • Closed Throttle Position (CTP) Switch
      • Fuel System
        • Notes
        • Fuel Pressure Release
        • Fuel Pressure Test
          • Notes
          • Fuel System Pressure
          • Fuel System Residual Pressure
        • Fuel Injector Test
          • Fuel Injector Leak Test
          • Fuel Injector Resistance Test
          • Fuel Injector Quantity Test
        • Fuel Pump Check Valve Test
        • Fuel Pump Relay
      • Ignition System
        • Notes
        • Spark Test
        • Camshaft Position (CMP) Sensor
          • Checking Voltage Supply
        • Crankshaft Position (CKP) Sensor
          • Checking Resistance
        • Ignition Coil
          • Ignition Coil Primary Resistance
          • Ignition Coil Secondary Resistance
          • Ignition Coil Voltage Supply
          • Ignition Coil Output Stage Voltage Check
          • Ignition Coil Output Stage Ground Check
      • Wiring Diagrams
    • Engine Controls - Tests W/Codes - 2.8L
      • Engine Identification
      • Introduction
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCS)
        • Malfunction Indicator Light (Mil)
        • Hard Failures
        • Intermittent Failures
        • Pcm Location
      • Retrieving Codes
        • Visual Inspection
        • Retrieving Codes
      • Clearing Codes
      • Pcm Voltage & Ground Check
        • Notes
        • Voltage Check
        • Ground Check
      • Pcm Coding
      • Test Drive
      • Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) Identification
      • Connector Identification
      • Circuit Tests
        • Notes
        • DTC P0102/16486 - MAF Circuit Low Input
        • DTC P0103/16487 - MAF Circuit High Input
        • DTC P0116/16500 - ECT Sensor CKT Range/Performance Problem
        • DTC P0117/16501 - ECT Sensor Circuit Low Input
        • DTC P0118/16502 - ECT Sensor Circuit High Input
        • DTC P0120/16504 - TP Sensor Circuit Malfunction
        • DTC P0121/16505 - TP Sensor CKT Range/Performance Problem
        • DTC P0122/16506 - TP Sensor Circuit Low Input
        • DTC P0123/16507 - TP Sensor Circuit High Input
        • DTC P0130/16514 - Ho2S Circuit Malfunction (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0132/16516 - Ho2S Circuit High Voltage (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0133/16517 - Ho2S CKT Slow Response (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0134/16518 - Ho2S Circuit No Activity Detected (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0135/16519 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0136/16520 - Ho2S CKT Malfunction (Bank 1, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0138/16522 - Ho2S CKT High Voltage (Bank 1, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0141/16525 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 1, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0150/16534 - Ho2S CKT Malfunction (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0152/16536 - Ho2S CKT High Voltage (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0153/16537 - Ho2S CKT Slow Response (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0154/16538 - Ho2S Circuit No Activity Detected (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0155/16539 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P0156/16540 - Ho2S CKT Malfunction (Bank 2, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0158/16542 - Ho2S CKT High Voltage (Bank 2, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0161/16545 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Malfunction (Bank 2, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P0170/16554 - Fuel Trim Malfunction (Bank 1)
        • DTC P0171/16555 - System Too Lean (Bank 1)
        • DTC P0172/16556 - System Too Rich (Bank 1)
        • DTC P0173/16557 - Fuel Trim Malfunction (Bank 2)
        • DTC P0174/16558 - System Too Lean (Bank 2)
        • DTC P0175/16559 - System Too Rich (Bank 2)
        • DTC P0300/16684 - Random Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0301/16685 - Cylinder No. 1 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0302/16686 - Cylinder No. 2 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0303/16687 - Cylinder No. 3 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0304/16688 - Cylinder No. 4 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0305/16689 - Cylinder No. 5 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0306/16690 - Cylinder No. 6 Misfire Detected
        • DTC P0322/16706 - Ignition Engine Speed Input Circuit No Signal
        • DTC P0327/16711 - Knock Sensor No. 1 Circuit Low Input (Bank 1 Or Single Sensor)
        • DTC P0332/16716 - Knock Sensor No. 2 CKT Low Input (Bank 2)
        • DTC P0337/16721 - Crankshaft Position Sensor CKT Low Input
        • DTC P0401/16785 - EGR Flow Insufficient Detected
        • DTC P0402/16786 - EGR Flow Excessive Detected
        • DTC P0422/16806 - Main Catalyst Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 1)
        • DTC P0432/16806 - Main Catalyst Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 2)
        • DTC P0440/16824 - EVAP System Malfunction
        • DTC P0452/16836 - EVAP System Pressure Sensor Low Input
        • DTC P0453/16837 - EVAP System Pressure Sensor High Input
        • DTC P0461/16845 - Fuel Level Sensor Circuit Range/Performance
        • DTC P0501/16885 - Vehicle Speed Sensor Range/Performance
        • DTC P0605/16989 - Pcm ROM Error
        • DTC P0706/17090 - Trans Range Sensor CKT Range/Performance
        • DTC P0707/17091 - Transmission Range Sensor CKT Low Input
        • DTC P1101/17509 - Ho2S Voltage Too Low/Air Leak (Bank 1, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P1102/17510 - Ho2S Heater CKT SHRT To B+ (Bank 1, Sens 1)
        • DTC P1104/17512 - Ho2S Voltage Too Low/Air Leak (Bank 1, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P1105/17513 - Ho2S HTR CKT SHRT To B+ (Bank 1, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P1106/17514 - Ho2S Voltage Too Low/Air Leak (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P1107/17515 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Short To B+ (Bank 2, Sensor 1)
        • DTC P1109/17517 - Ho2S Voltage Too Low/Air Leak (Bank 2, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P1110/17518 - Ho2S Heater Circuit Short To B+ (Bank 2, Sensor 2)
        • DTC P1201/17609 - Cylinder No. 1 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1202/17610 - Cylinder No. 2 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1203/17611 - Cylinder No. 3 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1204/17612 - Cylinder No. 4 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1205/17613 - Cylinder No. 5 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1206/17614 - Cylinder No. 6 Fuel Injector Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1213/17621 - Cylinder No. 1 Fuel Injector CKT Short To B+
        • DTC P1214/17622 - Cylinder No. 2 Fuel Injector CKT Short To B+
        • DTC P1215/17623 - Cylinder No. 3 Fuel Injector CKT SHRT To B+
        • DTC P1216/17624 - Cylinder No. 4 Fuel Injector CKT SHRT To B+
        • DTC P1217/17625 - Cylinder No. 5 Fuel Injector CKT SHRT To B+
        • DTC P1218/17626 - Cylinder No. 6 Fuel Injector CKT SHRT To B+
        • DTC P1250/17658 - Fuel Level Too Low
        • DTC P1325/17733 - Cylinder No. 1 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1326/17734 - Cylinder No. 2 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1327/17735 - Cylinder No. 3 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1328/17736 - Cylinder No. 4 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1329/17737 - Cylinder No. 5 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1330/17738 - Cylinder No. 5 Knock Control Limit Attained
        • DTC P1339/17747 - Crankshaft Position Sensor/Engine Speed Sensor Cross Connected
        • DTC P1340/17748 - Camshaft/Crankshaft Position Sensor Signals Out Of Sequence
        • DTC P1341/17749 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 1 Short To Ground
        • DTC P1343/17751 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 2 Short To Ground
        • DTC P1345/17753 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 2 Short To Ground
        • DTC P1391/17799 - CMP Sensor Short To Ground
        • DTC P1392/17800 - CMP Sensor Open Circuit Or Short To B+
        • DTC P1393/17801 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 1 Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1394/17802 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 2 Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1395/17803 - Ignition Coil Power Output Stage 3 Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1396/17804 - Engine Speed Sensor Missing Tooth
        • DTC P1400/17808 - EGR Valve Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1402/17810 - EGR Valve Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1407/17815 - EGR Temperature Sensor Signal Too Low
        • DTC P1408/17816 - EGR Temperature Sensor Signal Too High
        • DTC P1409/17817 - Fuel Tank Ventilation Valve ELEC MALFNCTION
        • DTC P1410/17818 - Fuel Tank Ventilation Valve Short To B+
        • DTC P1500/17908 - Fuel Pump Relay Circuit ELEC Malfunction
        • DTC P1504/17912 - Intake Air System Bypass Air Determined
        • DTC P1505/17913 - CTP Switch Does Not Close (Open Circuit)
        • DTC P1506/17914 - CTP Switch Does Not Open (Short To Ground)
        • DTC P1509/17917 - IAC Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1510/17918 - IAC Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1511/17919 - Intake Manifold Change-Over Valve Circuit Electrical Malfunction
        • DTC P1512/17920 - Intake Manifold Change-Over Valve Circuit Short To B+
        • DTC P1600/18008 - Power Supply (B+) Terminal 15 Low Voltage
        • DTC P1602/18010 - Power Supply (B+) Terminal 30 Low Voltage
        • DTC P1606/18014 - Rough Road/ACCEL Sensor ELEC Malfunction
        • DTC P1611/18019 - Malfunction Indicator Light (Mil) Call-Up/Transmission Control Module (TCM) Short To Ground
        • DTC P1612/18020 - Pcm Incorrectly Coded
        • DTC P1613/18021 - Malfunction Indicator Light (Mil) Call-Up Circuit Open Or Short To B+
      • Summary
      • Wiring Diagrams
    • Engine Controls - Tests W/O Codes
      • Introduction
      • Symptoms
        • Symptom Diagnosis
        • Will Not Start (Cranks Okay)
          • Spark
          • No Spark
        • Difficult Start (Cranks Okay)
        • Engine Surges
        • Rough Or Unstable Idle
        • Excessive Fast Idle
        • Engine Stalls
        • Engine Lacks Power
        • Engine Misfires Or Hesitates
        • AFTERBURN In Exhaust System
        • Poor Fuel Mileage
        • Detonation Or Knocking
        • Fails Emission Test
      • INTERMITTENTS
        • Intermittent Problem Diagnosis
        • Test Procedures
          • Intermittent Simulation
  • Theory and Operation
    • Engine Controls - Theory & Operation
      • Introduction
      • Computerized Engine Controls
        • MOTRONIC Management System (MMS)
        • Powertrain Control Module (Pcm)
        • Input Devices
          • Camshaft Position (CMP) Sensor
          • Closed Throttle Position (CTP) Switch
          • Crankshaft Position (CKP) Sensor
          • EGR Temperature Sensor
          • Engine Coolant Temperature (ECT) Sensor
          • Engine Speed (RPM) Sensor
          • Heated Oxygen Sensor (HO2S)
          • Knock Sensor (KS)
          • Mass Airflow (MAF) Sensor
          • Throttle Position (TP) Sensor
          • Additional Signals
        • Output Signals
          • Fuel Evaporative System
          • Double-Ended Ignition Coils
          • Fuel Injectors
          • Idle Speed Control
          • Malfunction Indicator Light (MIL)
      • Air Induction System
        • Intake Manifold Change-Over Valve
      • Fuel System
        • Fuel Delivery
          • Fuel Pressure Regulator
          • Fuel Pump
        • Idle Control
          • Idle Speed Control
      • Ignition System
        • Ignition Control
          • Notes
          • Detonation Retard
          • Double-Ended Ignition Coils
      • Emission Systems
        • Evaporative (EVAP) Emissions
          • EVAP Emissions System
          • EVAP Canister Purge Control Shutoff Solenoid
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION
          • Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) System
      • Self-Diagnostic System
        • Malfunction Indicator Light (Mil)
  • Vacuum Diagrams
    • Vacuum Hose Diagram(S)
  • Wiring Diagrams
    • Wiring Diagrams
• General Information
  • Abbreviations
    • Commonly Used Abbreviations - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "J"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "Q"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • Emission Control Abbreviations
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
  • Basic Trouble Shooting
    • Basic Trouble Shooting - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Accessories & Electrical
        • Charging System Trouble Shooting
        • Ignition System Trouble Shooting
        • Starter Trouble Shooting
      • Air Conditioning & Heat
        • Air Conditioning Trouble Shooting
        • Heater System Trouble Shooting
      • Brakes
        • Brake System Trouble Shooting
      • Engine Mechanical
        • Cooling System Trouble Shooting
        • Gasoline Engine - Mechanical Trouble Shooting
      • Engine Performance
        • Carburetor Trouble Shooting:
        • Diesel Engine Trouble Shooting
        • Fuel Injection Trouble Shooting
        • Ignition System Trouble Shooting
        • Starter Trouble Shooting
        • Tune-Up Trouble Shooting - Gas Engine Vehicles
        • Vacuum Pump - Diesel Trouble Shooting
      • Manual Transmission
        • Manual Transmission Trouble Shooting
      • Powertrain
        • Clutch Trouble Shooting
        • Drive Axle - Noise Diagnosis
          • Unrelated Noises
          • Non-Drive Axle Noises
          • Gear Noise
          • Chuckle
          • Knock
          • Clunk
          • Bearing Whine
          • Bearing Rumble
          • Chatter On Turns
          • Axle Shaft Noise
          • Vibration
        • Drive Axle - RWD Trouble Shooting
        • Fwd Axle Shafts & CV Joints Trouble Shooting
      • Steering & Suspension
        • Manual Steering Gear Trouble Shooting
        • Power Steering Trouble Shooting
        • Steering Column Trouble Shooting
        • Suspension Trouble Shooting
        • Wheel Alignment Trouble Shooting
    • Commonly Used Abbreviations - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "J"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "Q"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • Emission Control Abbreviations
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • Engine Performance - Trouble Shooting - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Engine Performance
  • Brakes
    • Anti-Lock Brake Safety Precautions - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Anti-Lock Brake Safety Precautions
    • Map - Brake Systems
      • Brake Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Accelerometers
        • Accumulators
        • Anchor Pins
        • Anti-Lock Brake Control Assembly(Module)
        • Anti-Lock Brake Controller
        • Anti-Lock Brake Systems
        • Axle Seal
        • Backing Plates
        • Bleeder Screw
        • Brake Abs Active Light (Blue)
        • Brake Fluid
        • Brake Friction Material
        • Brake On - Off Switch
        • Brake Pads
        • Brake Pedals
        • Brake Shoe Hardware
        • Brake Shoes
        • Brake Stoplight Switches
        • Brake Warning Light (Amber)
        • Brake Warning Light (Red)
        • Bulb Sockets
        • Bulbs And LEDS
        • Caliper Hardware
        • Caliper Mounting Pin
        • Caliper Piston
        • Caliper Shim
        • Caliper Slider Pin (Bolt) Dust Boot
        • Caliper Slider Pin (Bolt)
        • Calipers
        • Combination Valve
        • Controllers
        • Digital Ratio Axle Controllers And Buffers (Drab And Dram)
        • Disable Switches
        • Drums
        • Electrical Brake Pumps
        • Electrical Park Motor
        • Electrical Pumps And Motors
        • Electro-Magnetic Interference
        • Electronic Brake Control Modulator
        • Electronic Brake Distribution
        • Electronic Brake Traction Control Module
        • Electronic Controllers
        • Electronic Traction Control
        • External Brake Cable
        • Flow Control Valve
        • Fluid Level Sensor Switches
        • Fluid
        • Four Wheel Drive Switches
        • Friction Material
        • G Sensors
        • Gaskets
        • Gravitational Switches
        • Grease Seal
        • Height Sensing Proportioning Valve
        • High Pressure Accumulator
        • Hoses
        • Hub
        • Hydraulic Control Unit
        • Hydraulic Modulators
        • Hydro-Boosters
        • Hydro-Electric Boosters (POWERMASTER)
        • Ignition Disable Switches
        • Lamp Driver Relay
        • Lateral Acceleration Switches
        • LEDS
        • Lenses
        • Low Pressure Accumulator
        • Lug Nut
        • Master Cylinder Cover Gasket
        • Master Cylinders
        • Modulators
        • Motor Pack
        • Motors
        • Pads
        • Parking Brake Cable
        • Parking Brake Mechanism
        • Parking Brake Shoes
        • Parking Brake Switches
        • Parking Brake Systems
        • Pedal Travel Switches
        • Pedals
        • Power Distribution Center
        • POWERMASTER
        • Pressure Differential Switches
        • Pressure Switches
        • Pressure Transducers
        • Proportioning Valve
        • Pumps
        • Relays
        • RELUCTOR (Speed) Ring
        • Rotors
        • Self-Adjusting Systems
        • Shoe Hardware
        • Shoes
        • Sockets
        • Speed Sensor (RELUCTOR) Ring
        • Speed Sensors (Electronic Wheel And Vehicle)
        • Star Wheel
        • Steel Brake Lines
        • Stoplight Switches
        • Stroke Sensor
        • Switches
        • Tires
        • Tone Ring
        • Toothed Rings (Tone Wheel)
        • Traction Control System (TCS)
        • Transfer Tubes
        • Vacuum Boosters
        • Vacuum Hoses
        • Valves
        • Wear Indicator
        • Wheel Attachment Hardware
        • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
        • Wheel Cylinders
        • Wiring Harnesses
        • Yaw Rate Sensor
      • Brake System CHECKSHEET
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Map - Routine Inspection Reference Guide
      • Routine Inspection Reference Guide
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Maintenance Overview
          • Antifreeze/Coolant
          • Visual Inspection
          • Radiator Cap Test
          • Engine Fan
          • Cooling System Power Flush And Refill
          • Belts (Except Timing Belts)
          • Belt TENSIONER
          • Automatic Transmission Fluid
          • Automatic Transmission Fluid Exchange & Filter Replacement
          • Engine Oil
          • Air Filters
          • Cabin Air Filter
          • Brake Fluid
          • Battery
          • Battery Cables
          • Power Steering
          • Power Steering Fluid
          • Wiper Blades
        • Routine Inspection CHECKSHEET
        • Routine Inspection - UICS
          • Brake Systems
            • Notes
            • Brake Fluid
            • Bulbs And LEDS
            • Hoses
            • Lenses
            • Lug Nut
            • Master Cylinder Cover Gasket
            • Parking Brake Cable
            • Vacuum Hoses
            • Wheel Attachment Hardware
            • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
          • Drivetrain And Transmission
            • Notes
            • Automatic Transmission Fluid
            • Clutch Master Cylinders
            • Cooler Lines
            • Coolers
            • Differential Fluid
            • Drain Plugs And Gaskets
            • Filters And Screens
            • Fluids And Lubricants
            • Hoses, Lines, And Tubes
            • Hydraulic Fluid
            • Lubricants
            • Manual Transmission Fluid
            • Mounts (Engine, Transaxle And Transmission)
            • Transfer Case Fluid
            • Vacuum Hoses
          • Electrical Systems
            • Batteries
            • Battery Cables
            • Battery Trays And Hold Down Hardware
            • Bulbs, Sealed Beams And LEDS
            • Fuses, Fusible Links And Circuit Breakers
            • Ground Cables And Straps
            • Ground Straps
            • Lenses
            • Sealed Beams
            • Washer Pumps
            • Wiper Arms And Blades
            • Wiper Hoses And Nozzles
            • Wiper Pump Reservoirs
          • Engine Performance And Maintenance
            • Notes
            • Accessory Belts
            • Air Filter Elements
            • Air Filter Gaskets
            • Air Filter Housings And Gaskets
            • Air Pump Belts
            • Batteries
            • Battery Connectors
            • Belt Idler Assemblies (Accessory And Cam Belts)
            • Belt TENSIONERS (Accessory And Cam Belt)
            • Chemical Engine DECARBONIZATION
            • Combustion Chamber Cleaning
            • Coolant Recovery Tanks
            • Coolant
            • Distributor Caps
            • Distributor Rotors
            • Engine Cooling Systems
            • Engine DECARBONIZATION
            • Engine Oil Drain Plugs And Gaskets
            • Engine Oil Filters And Canisters
            • Engine Oil
            • Fuel Filters
            • Fuel Injector Cleaning
            • Fuel Injectors
            • Fuel System Cleaning Service
            • Hose Clamps
            • Hose Connectors
            • Hose Couplers
            • Hoses And Tubes (Fuel Lines, Radiator, Vacuum, By-Pass, Heater, Recovery Tank And Oil Coolers)
            • Ignition Wires (Secondary)
            • Intake Cleaning
            • O2 Sensors
            • PCV Breather Elements
            • PCV Valves
            • Radiator Caps And Pressurized Expansion Tank Caps
            • Spark Plugs
            • Thermostats And Housings
            • Throttle Body Cleaning
            • Timing Belts
            • Vacuum Hoses, Tubes And Connections (Non-Metallic)
          • Exhaust Systems
            • Notes
            • Exhaust And Tail Pipes
          • Heating, Ventilation And Air Conditioning Systems
            • Notes
            • Belts
            • Cabin Air Filters
            • Coolant
            • Evaporator Drain Tubes
            • Evaporator Filters
            • In-Line Filters
            • Vacuum Hoses And Tubes
          • Steering And Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels And Tires
            • Notes
            • Hydraulic Hoses
            • Power Steering Belts
            • Power Steering Fluid
            • Power Steering Hoses
            • Shock Absorbers, Strut Cartridges And Strut Assemblies
            • Strut Rods
            • Tire Pressure Monitoring System
            • Tire Pressure Sensors
            • Tires
            • Valve Stems
            • Wheel Attachment Hardware
            • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
      • Wheel & Tire Supplement
        • Notes
        • Tires
        • Mounting Tires
        • Vehicle Tire Placard
        • Tire Rotation
        • Wheel Lug Nut Torque & Clamping Force
        • Popular Tire Rotation Patterns
        • Wheels And Rims
        • Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems
        • Wheels & Tires CHECKSHEET
        • Wheel & Tire - UICS
          • Tire Pressure Monitoring System
          • Tire Pressure Sensors
          • Tires
          • Wheel Alignment
          • Wheel Attachment Hardware
          • Wheels (Rims)
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
  • Check Lists
    • Symptom Check List Worksheet - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Purpose
        • Notes
        • Why Use the Symptom Check List Worksheets?
        • Making the Worksheets a Part of Your Normal Routine
      • Symptom Check List Worksheets
        • Condensed Version - All On One Page
        • Full Version - All On Four Pages
        • Individual System-Based Check Lists
  • Computer Relearn Procedures
    • Computer Relearn Procedures
      • Notes
      • Generic Computer Relearn Procedures
        • Notes
        • Automatic Transmission
        • Manual Transmission
  • OBD-II Drive Cycles
    • Readiness Code Generating
      • General Description
      • General Recommendations
      • Operating Conditions
      • Requirements
      • Drive Cycle Procedure
  • Driveline/Axles
    • Drive Axle Noise Diagnosis - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Unrelated Noises
      • Non-Drive Axle Noises
      • Gear Noise
      • Chuckle
      • Knock
      • Clunk
      • Bearing Whine
      • Bearing Rumble
      • Chatter On Turns
      • Axle Shaft Noise
      • Vibration
    • Gear Tooth Contact Patterns - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Inspection
        • Notes
        • Gear Tooth Contact Pattern
      • Adjustments
        • Notes
        • Gear Backlash & Pinion Shim Changes
    • Map - Drive Train & Transmission
      • Drive Train & Transmission Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Drivetrain And Transmission
        • Notes
        • Actuators (Electrical)
        • Actuators (Vacuum)
        • Automatic Transmission / Transaxle Assemblies/CVTS
        • Automatic Transmission Fluid
        • Axles
        • Bearings And Races
        • Bell Cranks
        • Bell Housings
        • Bushings (External)
        • Cables (Speedometer)
        • Cables (TV, Detent And Shift)
        • Carrier Bearings
        • Clutch Cables And Cable Housings
        • Clutch Discs (Manual Transmissions)
        • Clutch Forks
        • Clutch Linkages (Mechanical)
        • Clutch Master Cylinders
        • Clutch Pedals
        • Clutch Pivots
        • Clutch Pressure Plates
        • Clutch Release Bearings
        • Clutch Slave Cylinders (Concentric)
        • Clutch Slave Cylinders (Conventional Or External)
        • Companion Flanges
        • Connectors
        • Cooler Bypass Valves
        • Cooler Lines
        • Coolers
        • CV Joints
        • Differential And Final Drive Assemblies
        • Differential Fluid
        • Dip Stick Tubes
        • Dip Sticks (Fluid Level Indicators)
        • Dowel Pins, Guides And Pilot Holes
        • Drain Plugs And Gaskets
        • Drive Shaft Flanges
        • Drive Shafts And Half Shafts
        • Dust Boots
        • Engine Mounts
        • Exciter Rings
        • Filler Tubes
        • Filters And Screens
        • Flanges
        • Flex Plates
        • Fluid Level Indicators
        • Fluids And Lubricants
        • Flywheels
        • Force Motors
        • Gaskets
        • Guides
        • Half Shafts
        • Hoses, Lines, And Tubes
        • Housings (Bell, Case, Tail(Extension) And Auxiliary)
        • Hydraulic Fluid
        • Intermediate Shaft Support Bearings
        • Key Interlock Systems
        • Limited Slips
        • Lines
        • Linkages (External)
        • Locking Hub Assemblies
        • Locking Hub Control Knobs
        • Lubricants
        • Manual Transmission Fluid
        • Manual Transmission/Transaxle Assemblies
        • Metal Clad Seals
        • METALASTIC Joints
        • Modulator Pins
        • Modulators
        • Mounts (Engine, Transaxle And Transmission)
        • Odometer Drives (Mechanical)
        • Odometer Heads (Mechanical)
        • Oil Pans
        • Pans
        • Pilot Holes
        • Pressure Plates
        • Pressure Switches
        • Races
        • Rubber Joints (METALASTIC)
        • Screens
        • Seals (Metal Clad)
        • Seals
        • Selector Interlock Systems
        • Sensors
        • Servos
        • Shift Interlock Systems (Selector And Key Interlock Systems)
        • Side Covers
        • Slip Yokes
        • Solenoids
        • Speed Sensors (Electronic Wheel And Vehicle)
        • Speedometer- Driven Gear Housing
        • Speedometer/Odometer Drives (Mechanical)
        • Speedometer/Odometer Heads (Mechanical)
        • Speedometers/Odometers (Electronic)
        • Switches
        • Tone Wheels
        • Toothed Rings (Tone Wheel)
        • Torque Converters
        • Transaxle Mounts
        • Transducers (Transmission)
        • Transfer Case Assemblies
        • Transfer Case Fluid
        • Transmission Coolers
        • Transmission Mounts
        • Transmission Pans
        • Transmission Range Indicators (PRNDL)
        • Tubes
        • Universal Joints (CARDAN Or Cross Type)
        • Vacuum Controls
        • Vacuum Hoses
        • Vacuum Motors
        • Vacuum-Operated Switches
        • Vehicle Speed Sensors
        • Vents
        • Vibration Dampers
        • Wheel Attachment Hardware
        • Wheel Speed Sensors
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
        • Yokes And Slip Yokes
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Trouble Shooting - Clutches - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • All Models
  • DTC Index
    • Air Bag Restraint System DTCS
    • Anti-Lock Brake System - Traction Control DTCS
    • Automatic Transmission DTCS
    • Engine Performance DTC
    • Heat, Ventilation & A/C DTCS
  • Electrical
    • Map - Electrical Systems
      • Electrical Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Actuator Motors (Electric)
        • Actuator Motors (Vacuum)
        • Air Bags
        • Alternators And Generators
        • Amplifiers
        • Antennas
        • Batteries
        • Battery Cables, Wires And Connectors
        • Battery Cables
        • Battery Trays And Hold Down Hardware
        • Battery Wires
        • Belts
        • Bulb Sockets
        • Bulbs, Sealed Beams And LEDS
        • Cd Players
        • Cigarette Lighter Assemblies
        • Circuit Breakers
        • Clutch Switches
        • Connectors
        • Control Modules
        • Cruise Control Brake Switches
        • Cruise Control Cables
        • Cruise Control Clutch Switches
        • Cruise Control Linkages And Cables
        • Cruise Control Reservoirs
        • Cruise Control Tubes
        • Cruise Control Vacuum Dump Release Valves
        • Cruise Control Vacuum Hoses, Tubes And
        • Cruise Control Vehicle Speed Sensors
        • Defoggers
        • Defrosters
        • Delays
        • Dimmers
        • Electric Heaters
        • Equalizers
        • Fuse Blocks
        • Fuse Boxes And Blocks
        • Fuses, Fusible Links And Circuit Breakers
        • Fusible Links
        • Gauges
        • Generators
        • Ground Cables And Straps
        • Ground Straps
        • Headlight Adjusters
        • Heating Elements (Defrosters, Defoggers, Electric Heaters And Seats)
        • Horns And Sirens
        • Ignition Switches
        • Indicator Lights
        • Keyless Entry Keypads And Transmitters
        • Keyless Entry Transmitters
        • LEDS
        • Lenses
        • Microphones
        • Mirrors (ELECTROCHROMATIC And Heated)
        • Motors
        • Neutral Safety Switches
        • Odometers, Speedometers And Tachometers (Cable Driven)
        • Odometers
        • Power Distribution Center
        • Pulleys
        • Receivers, Amplifiers, Equalizers And Sub-Woofer Volume Controls
        • Relay Boxes
        • Relays
        • Sealed Beams
        • Seat Heaters
        • Security Alarm Sensors
        • Sirens
        • Solenoids
        • Speakers And Microphones
        • Speedometer And Tachometer Linkages And Cables
        • Speedometer Cables
        • Speedometers
        • Starters
        • Sub-Woofer Volume Control
        • Switches
        • Tachometer Cables
        • Tachometers
        • Tape Players And Cd Players
        • TENSIONERS
        • Timers
        • Transceivers
        • Transducers
        • Vacuum Accumulators (Reservoirs)
        • Voltage Regulators
        • Washer Fluid Level Senders
        • Washer Pumps
        • Wiper Arms And Blades
        • Wiper Blades
        • Wiper Hoses And Nozzles
        • Wiper Linkages
        • Wiper Nozzles
        • Wiper Pump Reservoirs
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Battery, Starting & Charging System CHECKSHEET
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
      • Introduction
      • Wiring Diagram Features And Controls
      • Wiring Diagram Color Abbreviations
      • Wiring Diagram Symbols
      • Wiring Diagram Ground Number Locations
      • Wiring Diagram Component Locations
  • Engine
    • Engine Overhaul Procedures - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Description
      • Engine Identification
      • Inspection Procedures
        • * Please Read This First *
        • General
        • Magnetic Particle Inspection
          • Notes
          • Magnaflux & Magnaglo
        • Penetrant Inspection
          • Notes
          • Zyglo
          • Dye Check
        • Ultrasonic Inspection
        • X-Ray Inspection
        • Pressure Testing
      • Cleaning Procedures
        • * Please Read This First *
        • General
        • Bead Blasting
        • Chemical Cleaning
      • Component Cleaning
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Sheet Metal Parts
        • Intake & Exhaust Manifolds
      • Cylinder Head Replacement
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Removal
        • Installation
        • Valve Adjustment
      • Cylinder Head Overhaul
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Cylinder Head Disassembly
        • Cylinder Head Cleaning & Inspection
        • Valve Springs
        • Valve Guide
          • Notes
          • Measuring Valve Guide Clearance
          • Reaming Valve Guide
          • Replacing Valve Guide
        • Valves & Valve Seats
          • Notes
          • Valve Grinding
          • Valve Lapping
          • Valve Seat Grinding
          • Valve Seat Replacement
          • Valve Seat Concentricity
        • Cylinder Head Reassembly
          • Notes
          • Valve Stem Installed Height
        • Valve Stem Oil Seals
          • Notes
          • Replacement (On-Vehicle)
        • Valve Spring Installed Height
        • Rocker Arms & Assemblies
          • Notes
          • Rocker Studs
          • Rocker Arms & Shafts
        • Push Rods
        • Lifters
          • Notes
          • Hydraulic Lifters
          • Mechanical Lifters
      • Pistons, Connecting Rods & Bearings
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Ridge Removal
        • Piston & Connecting Rod Removal
        • Piston & Connecting Rod
          • Notes
          • Disassembly
          • Cleaning
          • Inspection
        • Piston & Cylinder Bore Fit
        • Assembling Piston & Connecting Rod
        • Checking Piston Ring Clearances
        • Piston & Connecting Rod Installation
        • Connecting Rod Side Clearance
        • Main & Connecting Rod Bearing Clearance
          • Notes
          • Plastigage Method
          • Micrometer & Telescopic Gauge Method
      • Crankshaft & Main Bearings
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Removal
        • Cleaning & Inspection
        • Installation
        • Crankshaft End Play
          • Notes
          • Dial Indicator Method
          • Feeler Gauge Method
        • Cylinder Block
          • Notes
          • Block Cleaning
          • Block Inspection
          • Cylinder Bore Inspection
          • Cylinder Honing
          • Deck Warpage
          • Deck Height
          • Main Bearing Bore & Alignment
          • Expansion Plug Removal
          • Expansion Plug Installation
          • Oil Gallery Plug Removal
          • Oil Gallery Plug Installation
      • Camshaft
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Cleaning & Inspection
        • Camshaft Bearings
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Camshaft Installation
        • Camshaft End Play
      • Timing Chains & Belts
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Timing Chains
        • Timing Belts
        • Tension Adjustment
      • Timing Gears
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Timing Gear Backlash & RUNOUT
        • Rear Main Oil Seal Installation
          • Notes
          • One-Piece Type Seal
          • Rope Type Seal
          • Split-Rubber Type Seal
      • Oil Pump
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Rotor Type
        • Gear Type
      • Break-In Procedure
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Engine Pre-Oiling
        • Initial Start-Up
        • Camshaft
        • Piston Rings
        • Final Adjustments
    • General Cooling System Service - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Description
      • Maintenance
        • Draining
        • Flushing
          • Notes
          • Radiator
          • Engine Block
        • Refilling
      • Testing
        • Thermostat
        • Pressure Testing
          • Notes
          • Radiator Cap
          • Cooling System
  • Engine Performance
    • Electrostatic Discharge Warning - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Introduction
      • Handling Static-Sensitive Circuits/Devices
      • Checking Static-Sensitive Circuits/Devices
    • Engine Performance Diagnostic Routine Outline - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Where Does DRIVEABILITY Diagnosis Start?
        • Perform Basic Inspection
        • Check For Trouble Codes
        • Diagnose Symptom
        • Test System
    • Engine Performance Safety Precautions
      • Engine Performance Safety Precautions
    • Map - Engine Performance & Maintenance
      • Engine Performance And Maintenance (Including Exhaust Systems)
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Engine Performance & Maintenance CHECKSHEET
      • Engine Performance And Maintenance
        • Notes
        • Accelerator Pedal Position Sensor
        • Accessory Belts
        • Accessory Pulleys
        • Air Conditioning Cycling Switches
        • Air Conditioning Pressure Sensors
        • Air Ducts And Tubes
        • Air Filter Elements
        • Air Filter Gaskets
        • Air Filter Housings And Gaskets
        • Air Fuel Ratio Sensors
        • Air Injection Control Solenoids
        • Air Plenums
        • Air Pump Belts
        • Air Pumps (Electric Driven)
        • Air Tubes
        • Aspirator, Check And DECEL Valves
        • Baffles
        • Ballast Primary Supply Resistor Wires
        • Ballast Resistors And Primary Supply Resistors
        • Barometric Pressure Sensors
        • Batteries
        • Battery Cables, Wires And Connectors
        • Battery Connectors
        • Battery Trays And Hold Down Hardware
        • Battery Wires
        • Belt Idler Assemblies (Accessory And Cam Belts)
        • Belt TENSIONERS (Accessory And Cam Belt)
        • Belt-Driven Air Pumps
        • Boost Control Mechanism
        • Camshaft Position Sensors
        • Carburetors And Chokes
        • Casting Core Plugs And Expansion Plugs
        • Charge Air Coolers ""INTERCOOLERS"" (CAC)
        • Check Valves
        • Chemical Engine DECARBONIZATION
        • Chokes
        • Clutch Pedal Position Switches
        • Cold Start Injectors
        • Combustion Chamber Cleaning
        • Connectors
        • Coolant Recovery Tanks
        • Coolant
        • Cooling Fan Motor Modules
        • Cooling Fan Motor Relays And Modules
        • Cooling Fan Motor Resistors
        • Cooling Fan Motor Sensors And Switches
        • Cooling Fan Motor Switches
        • Cooling Fan Motors
        • Crankshaft Position Sensors
        • Cylinder Deactivation Solenoid
        • Cylinder Head Assemblies
        • DECEL Valves
        • Deflectors
        • Dip Stick Tubes
        • Dip Sticks And Tubes
        • Distributor Advances And Retarders (Mechanical And Vacuum)
        • Distributor Boots And Shields
        • Distributor Caps
        • Distributor Retarders (Mechanical And Vacuum)
        • Distributor Rotors
        • Distributor Shields
        • Distributors
        • Early Fuel Evaporation Valves (Heat Riser Assemblies)
        • EGR Coolers
        • EGR Exhaust Manifold Passages
        • EGR Intake And Exhaust Manifold Passages
        • EGR Plates And Coolers
        • Electronic Spark Control Modules
        • Electronic Transmission Control Devices
        • Electronic Transmission Feedback Devices
        • Engine Coolant Temperature Sensors
        • Engine Cooling Systems
        • Engine Covers (Oil Pan, Valve Cover, Timing Cover)
        • Engine DECARBONIZATION
        • Engine Oil Canisters
        • Engine Oil Coolers (External)
        • Engine Oil Drain Plugs And Gaskets
        • Engine Oil Filters And Canisters
        • Engine Oil Gaskets
        • Engine Oil Pressure Gauges (Mechanical)
        • Engine Oil
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Canister Filters
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Canister Purge Devices
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Canisters
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Feedback Devices
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION Devices
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION Feedback Devices
        • Expansion Plugs
        • Fan Control Sensor
        • Fuel Accumulators And Dampers
        • Fuel And Cold Start Injectors
        • Fuel Caps
        • Fuel Dampers
        • Fuel Delivery Check Valves
        • Fuel Distributors (BOSCH Cis)
        • Fuel Filler Necks And RESTRICTORS
        • Fuel Filters
        • Fuel Injector Cleaning
        • Fuel Injectors
        • Fuel Level Senders
        • Fuel Pressure Regulators
        • Fuel Pumps (In-Tank, External, Electrical Or Mechanical)
        • Fuel Rails
        • Fuel RESTRICTORS
        • Fuel System Cleaning Service
        • Fuel Tanks
        • Fuel
        • Gaskets
        • Grommets (Valve Cover)
        • Harmonic Dampers
        • Heater Control Valves
        • Heater Cores
        • Hose Clamps
        • Hose Connectors
        • Hose Couplers
        • Hoses And Tube Couplers, Connectors And Clamps
        • Hoses And Tubes (Fuel Lines, Radiator, Vacuum, By-Pass, Heater, Recovery Tank And Oil Coolers)
        • Housings
        • Idle Air Controls
        • Idle Speed Control Actuators
        • Ignition Boots
        • Ignition Coil Towers
        • Ignition Coils
        • Ignition Control Modules (ICM)
        • Ignition Switches
        • Ignition Terminals
        • Ignition Wires (Secondary)
        • Inertia Fuel Shut-Off Switches
        • Intake Air Temperature Sensors
        • Intake Cleaning
        • Intake Manifolds
        • In-Tank Fuel Strainers
        • INTERCOOLERS
        • Knock Sensors
        • Liquid Vapor Separators
        • Long Block Assemblies
        • Manifold Absolute Pressure (Map) Sensors
        • Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensors
        • Metal Air Manifolds And Pipes
        • Metal Air Pipes
        • Mix Control Solenoids
        • Motor Mounts
        • O2 Sensors
        • Oil Pans
        • Oil Pressure Sending Units
        • Oil Pump Pick-Up Screens
        • Oil Pumps
        • O-Rings, Gaskets, Seals And Spring Locks
        • Park Neutral Position Switches
        • PCV Breather Elements
        • PCV Orifices
        • PCV Valves
        • Pick-Up Assemblies (Includes Magnetic, Hall Effect And Optical)
        • Power Steering Pressure Sensors
        • Powertrain Control Modules (Pcm) And Prom
        • Powertrain Control Prom
        • Pressurized Expansion Tank Caps
        • Radiator / Cooling Fan Blades
        • Radiator / Cooling Fan Clutches
        • Radiator Caps And Pressurized Expansion Tank Caps
        • Radiators
        • Roll Over Valves
        • Sealing Compounds
        • Seals
        • Secondary Air Injection System Management Devices
        • Sensors
        • Short Block Assemblies
        • Shrouds, Baffles And Deflectors
        • Spark Plugs
        • Spring Locks
        • Super Chargers
        • Switches
        • Thermal Vacuum Valves
        • Thermostatic Air Door Assemblies
        • Thermostats And Housings
        • Throttle Bodies
        • Throttle Body Cleaning
        • Throttle Cables
        • Throttle Linkages And Cables
        • Throttle Position Sensors
        • Throttle Position Switches
        • Timing Belt Sprockets
        • Timing Belts
        • Timing Covers
        • Torque Struts
        • Transmission Range Switches
        • Tube Clamps
        • Tube Connectors
        • Tube Couplers
        • Tubes
        • Turbo Chargers
        • Vacuum Connections
        • Vacuum Hoses, Tubes And Connections (Non-Metallic)
        • Vacuum Regulator Solenoids
        • Vacuum Tubes
        • Valve Covers
        • Vehicle Speed Senors
        • Volume Air Flow Sensors
        • Waste Gate And Boost Control Mechanisms
        • Waste Gate Control Solenoids
        • Water Pumps (Electric)
        • Water Pumps (Non-Electric)
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Parasitic Load Explanation & Test Procedures - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • General Information
      • Testing For Parasitic Load
        • Notes
        • CHRYSLER Ignition Off Draw (IOD) Test
        • Test Procedure Using Test Switch
        • Intermittent Parasitic Load Problems
        • Diode Check & Solenoid Test
        • Quad Driver Test
    • State Emission Standards - Diesel
      • ARIZONA
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • IDAHO
      • KENTUCKY
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • New YORK
      • OHIO
      • RHODE Island
      • UTAH
      • WASHINGTON
    • State Emission Standards - Gas
      • ALASKA
      • ARIZONA
      • CALIFORNIA
        • California Emission Standards ASM Tests
        • Legend
        • Pass/Fail Emission Standards = A+B / VTW
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • DELAWARE
      • District Of COLUMBIA
      • GEORGIA
      • IDAHO
      • ILLINOIS
      • INDIANA
      • KENTUCKY
      • MARYLAND
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • MISSOURI
      • NEVADA
      • New Jersey
      • New MEXICO
      • New YORK
      • North CAROLINA
      • OHIO
      • OREGON
      • PENNSYLVANIA
      • RHODE Island
      • TENNESSEE
      • TEXAS
      • UTAH
      • VIRGINIA
      • WASHINGTON
      • WISCONSIN
      • U. S. EPA ASM2525 & ASM5015 Start-Up Emission Standards
      • U. S. EPA Revised Final ASM Emission Standards (ASM5015 & ASM2525)
      • U.S. EPA Im240 Emission Standards
        • Start-Up Standards
        • Final Standards
    • Waveforms - Injector Pattern Tutorial - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Purpose Of This Article
        • Notes
        • Scope Of This Article
      • Is A Lab Scope Necessary?
        • Introduction
        • Overview Of NOID Light
          • Notes
          • Use the Right Noid Light
        • Overview Of DVOM
          • Notes
          • Checking Injector Resistance
          • Checking Available Voltage At the Injector
          • Checking Injector On-Time With Built-In Function
          • Checking Injector On-Time With Dwell Or Duty
          • How A Duty Cycle Meter and Dwell Meter Work
          • Strengths of Dwell/Duty Meter
          • Weaknesses of Dwell/Duty Meter
      • The Two Types Of Injector Drivers
        • Notes
        • Overview
        • Voltage Controlled Circuit ("Saturated Switch")
        • Current Controlled Circuit ("Peak & Hold")
      • The Two Ways Injector Circuits Are Wired
      • Interpreting Injector Waveforms
        • Notes
        • Interpreting A Voltage Controlled Pattern
        • Interpreting A Current Controlled Pattern
      • Current Waveform Samples
        • Notes
        • Example #1 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #2 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #3 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #4 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #5 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #6 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #7 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #8 - Current Controlled Driver
      • Voltage Waveform Samples
        • Notes
        • Example #1 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #2 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #3 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #4 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #5 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #6 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #7 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #8 - Current Controlled Driver
  • Map - Exhaust Systems
    • Exhaust Systems
      • Notes
      • Map Standards Of Service
      • The Map Process - Overview
      • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Catalytic Converters
      • Exhaust And Tail Pipes
      • Exhaust Connections
      • Hangers
      • Heat Risers (Mechanical EFE Devices)
      • Heat Shields
      • Manifolds (Cast And Tube Type)
      • Mechanical EFE Devices
      • Muffler Valve
      • Mufflers And Resonators
    • Reason Code Explanation
  • Heating, Ventilation & A/C (HVAC)
    • Map - Heating, Ventilation, & Air Conditioning
      • Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Accumulators
        • Actuators (Electrical)
        • Actuators (Vacuum)
        • Air Conditioning Fittings
        • Air Conditioning Hoses
        • Air Conditioning Metal Lines
        • Air Control Doors
        • Air Dams (External)
        • Air Distribution System
        • Belts
        • Blend Doors
        • Blower Fans (Blower Wheel Or Squirrel Cage)
        • Blower Motors
        • Blower Resistors
        • Blower Switches
        • Cabin Air Filters
        • Circuit Breakers
        • Compressor Clutch Assemblies
        • Compressors
        • Condenser Air Seals
        • Condenser Fan Motors
        • Condensers
        • Connectors
        • Control Cables
        • Control Heads (Function Selectors)
        • Control Linkages
        • Control Modules
        • Coolant
        • Cooling Fan Blades
        • Cooling Fan Clutches
        • Cooling Fan Motors
        • Evaporator Drain Tubes
        • Evaporator Filters
        • Evaporator Pressure Regulators (EPRS)
        • Evaporators
        • Expansion Valves
        • Function Selectors
        • Fuses, Fusible Links And Circuit Breakers
        • Fusible Links
        • Gaskets
        • Heater Cases
        • Heater Control Valves
        • Heater Cores
        • Heater Hoses
        • High Pressure Relief Valves (HPRV)
        • Idlers
        • In-Line Filters
        • Metal Fittings
        • Metal Lines
        • Mix And Air Control Doors (Blend Doors)
        • ORIFACE Tubes
        • O-Rings
        • Pilot-Operated Absolutes (POAS)
        • Plenums
        • Pressure Control Valves
        • Pressure Sensors
        • Pulleys
        • Radiators
        • Receiver-DRIERS
        • Refrigerant Oil
        • Refrigerant
        • Relays
        • Seals
        • Service Ports
        • Spring Lock Couplings
        • Suction Throttling Valves (STVS)
        • Switches (Electrical)
        • TENSIONERS
        • Thermistors And Pressure Sensors
        • Thermostats And Housings
        • Vacuum Hoses And Tubes
        • Vacuum Reservoirs
        • Vacuum Tubes
        • Valves In Receiver (VIRS)
        • Water Pumps (Electric Auxiliary)
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning System CHECKSHEET
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
  • Identification
    • CANADIAN Model Cross-Reference
      • * Please Read This First *
      • ACURA
      • ASUNA
      • AUDI
      • BMW
      • CHRYSLER Corp.
        • CHRYSLER
        • Dodge
        • Eagle
        • PLYMOUTH
      • General Motors
        • BUICK
        • CHEVROLET
        • GMC
        • OLDSMOBILE
        • Optima
        • PONTIAC
      • HYUNDAI
      • Jaguar
      • KIA
      • MAZDA
      • MERCEDES-BENZ
      • Mercury
      • MERKUR
      • MITSUBISHI
      • NISSAN
      • RENAULT
      • SATURN
      • Smart
      • SUBARU
      • SUZUKI
      • TOYOTA
      • VOLKSWAGEN
      • VOLVO
      • All Others
  • Metric Conversions
    • Engine Displacement Conversion Table - ECAT
      • Conversion Table
    • Metric Conversions
      • Metric Conversions
        • Notes
        • Length
        • Volume
        • Torque
        • Pressure
      • Conversion Factors
  • OEM General Information
    • How To Use The Engine Performance Section
      • * Please Read This First *
      • How To Use The Engine Performance Section
      • Application
        • Notes
        • Introduction/Engine/VIN Id
      • Emission Applications
        • Notes
        • Emission Application Tables
      • Specifications
        • Notes
        • Service & Adjustment Specifications
      • Adjustment
        • Notes
        • On-Vehicle Adjustments
      • Theory & Operation
      • Testing & Diagnostics
        • Notes
        • Basic Diagnostic Procedures/Basic Testing
        • Self-Diagnostics/Tests W/Codes
        • Trouble Shooting - No Codes/Tests W/O Codes
        • System & Component Testing
      • Pin Voltage Charts
      • Sensor Range Charts
        • Notes
        • Sensor Operating Range Charts
      • Vacuum Hose Diagram(S)
      • Removal, Overhaul & Installation
      • Wiring Diagrams - Engine Performance
        • Notes
        • 2002 & Earlier
        • 2003 & Later
  • Maintenance Reminder Light (Reset Procedures)
    • Emissions Maintenance Reminder (EGR)
      • Notes
      • Emissions Maintenance Reminder Reset Procedure (EGR)
    • Emissions Maintenance Reminder (Oxygen Sensor)
      • Notes
      • Emissions Maintenance Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Emissions Maintenance Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • Emissions Maintenance Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
    • Maintenance Service Reminder
      • Notes
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 06
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 07
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 08
        • Notes
        • Service Interval Display Reset
        • Oil Quality Adapting
        • Maximum Values Adapting
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 09
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 10
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 11
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 12
      • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 13
    • Tire Pressure Monitor System Reminder
      • Notes
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 06
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 07
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 08
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 09
      • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 10
  • Restraints
    • Air Bag Deactivation Procedures
      • Special Care During Mechanical Repairs
      • ACURA
        • Notes
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling Driver-Side Air Bag (Integra)
          • Disabling Passenger-Side Air Bag (Integra)
          • Activating System (Integra)
          • Disabling System (Legend)
          • Activating System (Legend)
          • Disabling System (2.5TL & 3.2TL)
          • Activating System (2.5TL & 3.2TL)
      • AUDI
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling Activating Air Bag System
      • BMW
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling System
          • Activating System
      • CHRYSLER & MITSUBISHI
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
      • Ford Motor Co.
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Activating System
      • Geo
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Metro & Firefly (Canadian) & Tracker
          • Prizm
      • HONDA
        • Notes
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling Driver-Side Air Bag
          • Disabling Passenger-Side Air Bag
          • Activating System
      • HYUNDAI
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
      • INFINITI
      • ISUZU
        • Notes
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling System (Except Hombre)
          • Activating System (Except Hombre)
          • Disabling System (Hombre)
          • Activating System (Hombre)
      • Jaguar
        • System Operation Check
          • Except XJS
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Disabling & Activating System (Except XJS)
          • Disabling & Activating System (XJS Driver-Side Air Bag)
          • Disabling & Activating System (XJS Passenger-Side Air Bag)
      • KIA
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
      • Land Rover
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
      • LEXUS
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling System (Miata, Millenia, MPV, MX-6, Pickup, Protege & 626)
          • Activating System (Miata, Millenia, MPV, MX-6, Pickup, Protege & 626)
          • Disabling System (MX-3, RX7 & 929)
          • Activating System (MX-3, RX7 & 929)
      • MERCEDES-BENZ
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Disabling System (C220 & C280)
          • Activating System (C220 & C280)
          • Disabling System (E300D, E320, E420 & E500)
          • Activating System (E300D, E320, E420 & E500)
          • Disabling System (5320, S350D, S420 & S500)
          • Activating System (S320, S350D, S420 & S500)
      • MITSUBISHI
      • NISSAN
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
      • PORSCHE
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
      • SAAB
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
      • SUBARU
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
      • SUZUKI
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling System
          • Activating System
      • TOYOTA
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling System
          • Activating System
      • VOLKSWAGEN
        • System Operation Check
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
      • VOLVO
        • System Operation Check
          • Notes
          • Seat Belt Tensioner Inspection
        • Service Precautions
        • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
          • Notes
          • Disabling System
          • Activating System
    • Air Bag/SRS Component Inspection & Replacement Tables - EUROPEAN
      • ALFA Romeo (1991-95)
      • AUDI (1989-04)
      • BMW (1986-04)
      • Jaguar (1990-04)
      • Land Rover (1995-04)
      • MERCEDES-BENZ (1986-04)
      • Mini (2002-04)
      • PORSCHE (1987-04)
      • SAAB (1989-04)
      • VOLKSWAGEN (1990-04)
      • VOLVO (1987-04)
  • Specifications Index
    • Common Specs & Procedures
      • Specifications Index
    • Common Specs & Procedures - B5 Platform
      • Specifications Index
  • Steering
    • Map - Steering, Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels & Tires
      • Steering & Suspension Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Wheel And Tire
        • Notes
        • Tires
        • Mounting Tires
        • Vehicle Tire Placard
        • Tire Rotation
        • Wheel Lug Nut Torque & Clamping Force
        • Popular Tire Rotation Patterns
        • Wheels And Rims
        • Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems
      • Steering & Suspension CHECKSHEET
      • Wheels & Tires CHECKSHEET
      • Steering And Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels And Tires
        • Notes
        • Active Handling
        • Active Suspension Control Modules
        • Active Variable Ratio Steering
        • Active Yaw Control
        • Adaptive Cruise Control
        • Advance TRAC
        • Air Bags
        • Air Ride Control Modules
        • Air Ride Suspension Torsion Springs (Counter Balancing)
        • Air Ride Suspension
        • Air Ride Tubes
        • Air Shocks And Air Struts
        • Air Spring Valves
        • Air Springs
        • Air Suspension Control Valves
        • Air Suspension DRIERS
        • Axle Acceleration Sensor
        • Ball Joints
        • Body Acceleration Sensor
        • Bushings
        • Center Links
        • Compressors
        • Continuous Damping Control
        • Control Arm Shafts
        • Control Arms
        • Control Modules
        • Distance Regulation Control Module
        • Distance Regulation Sensor
        • Drag Links
        • Dynamic Stability Control
        • Dynamic Stability Traction Control
        • Electronic Ride Control Shocks And Struts
        • Electronic Stability Control
        • Electronic Suspension System
        • Flex Couplers
        • Gaskets
        • Height Sensors
        • Hydraulic Hoses
        • Hydraulic Power Steering Pumps
        • Hydraulic Suspension Hoses
        • Hydraulic Suspension Pumps
        • Idler Arms
        • Intermediate Shaft U-Joints
        • King Pins
        • Modules
        • Pitman Arms
        • Power Steering Belts
        • Power Steering Coolers
        • Power Steering Fluid
        • Power Steering Hoses
        • Power Steering Lines (Steel)
        • Power Steering Pumps - Electric
        • Power Steering Pumps
        • Radar Sensor
        • Radius Arms
        • Relay Rods
        • Relays
        • Sensors
        • Shock Absorbers, Strut Cartridges And Strut Assemblies
        • Spindles
        • Springs, Coil, Leaf And Torsion Bars
        • STABILITRAC
        • Stability Management System
        • Steering Angle Sensor
        • Steering Arms
        • Steering Couplers
        • Steering Dampers
        • Steering Gears (Except Rack And Pinion)
        • Steering Gears, Rack And Pinion
        • Steering Knuckles
        • Strike Out Bumpers
        • Strut Bearing Plate Assemblies
        • Strut Rods
        • Suspension Pumps (Hydraulic)
        • Sway Bar Links
        • Sway Bar Mounting Bushings
        • Sway Bars
        • Switches
        • Tie Rod Ends (Inner And Outer)
        • Tire Pressure Monitoring System
        • Tire Pressure Sensors
        • Tires
        • Torque Sensor
        • Torsion Springs
        • Track Bar Bushings
        • Track Bars
        • Trailing Arm Bushings
        • Trailing Arms
        • Valve Stems
        • Vehicle Dynamics Control
        • Vehicle Speed Sensor
        • Vehicle Stability Assist
        • Vehicle Stability/Skid Control
        • Warning Lamps
        • Wheel Alignment
        • Wheel Attachment Hardware
        • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
        • Wheels (Rims)
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Wheel Alignment Theory & Operation - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Pre-Alignment Instructions
        • Notes
        • General Alignment Checks
      • Adjustments
        • Notes
        • Camber
        • Caster
        • Toe-In Adjustment
        • Toe-Out On Turns
        • Steering Axis Inclination
  • Traction Control Disable Procedures
    • Traction Control Disable
  • Trouble Shooting - Manual Transmission - General Information
    • * Please Read This First *
    • Introduction
• Heating, Ventilation & A/C (HVAC)
  • General Servicing
    • A/C System General Servicing
      • USING R-12 & R-134a REFRIGERANT
        • Handling/Safety Precautions
        • IDENTIFYING R-134a SYSTEMS & COMPONENTS
          • Notes
          • Fittings & "O" Rings
          • Underhood A/C Specification Labels
          • Other Means Of Identification
        • Refrigerant Oils
        • Service Equipment
      • System Service Valves
        • SCHRADER-Type Valves
        • Service Valve Locations
      • Refrigerant Recovery/Recycling
    • Cabin Air Filter
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Cabin Air Filter
          • Notes
          • Removal (1996-2001)
          • Installation (1996-2001)
    • Compressor Refrigerant Oil Checking
      • Compressor Application
      • Refrigerant Oil & Refrigerant Specifications
        • Notes
        • REFRIGERANT OIL & R-134a REFRIGERANT CAPACITY
      • Servicing Precautions
        • Discharging System
        • Disconnecting Lines & Fittings
        • Connecting Lines & Fittings
        • Placing System In Operation
      • Compressor Oil Checking
        • NIPPONDENSO - 6 & 10-Cylinder
        • ZEXEL - 6-Cylinder
    • Compressor Servicing
      • CALSONIC V5 & V6
        • Notes
        • Clutch Coil
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Ford FS-10 & HALLA FX-15
        • Clutch Coil
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • HADSYS 7-Cylinder
        • Clutch Coil
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • HADSYS Scroll
        • Clutch Coil
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • HARRISON V5 5-Cylinder
        • Clutch Coil & Bearing
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Shaft Seal
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • HITACHI 6-Cylinder
        • Clutch Coil & Seal
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • MATSUSHITA Rotary Vane
        • Clutch Coil
          • Removal & Installation
      • NIPPONDENSO Rotary Vane
        • Clutch Coil
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Discharge Valve & Shaft Seal
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • NIPPONDENSO 6 & 10-Cylinder
        • Notes
        • Clutch Coil
          • Removal (Honda)
          • Installation
          • Removal (Lexus, Mitsubishi, Porsche & Toyota)
        • Shaft Seal
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • PANASONIC Rotary Vane
        • Clutch Coil
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Discharge Valve
          • Removal & Installation
        • Oil Control Valve
          • Removal & Installation
        • Shaft Seal
          • Removal & Installation
      • SANDEN Scroll
        • Clutch Coil & Shaft Seal
          • Notes
          • Removal (Chrysler & Mitsubishi)
          • Installation
          • Removal (Honda)
      • SANDEN 7-Cylinder
        • Clutch Coil & Bearing
          • Removal (Jaguar)
          • Installation
          • Removal (Volkswagen)
        • Shaft Seal
          • Removal (Jaguar)
          • Installation
      • SEIKO-SEIKI Rotary Vane
        • Compressor Servicing
          • Saab and Volvo
      • ZEXEL Rotary Vane
        • Notes
        • Clutch Coil & Bearing
          • Removal (Honda, Isuzu & Kia)
          • Installation
          • Kia
          • Removal (Infiniti & Nissan)
          • Nissan
      • ZEXEL 6-Cylinder
        • Compressor Servicing
          • Volvo
        • Clutch Coil & Bearing
          • Removal (Audi)
          • Installation
          • Removal (Honda & Isuzu)
          • Removal (Nissan)
        • Shaft Seal
          • Removal (Honda & Isuzu)
          • Installation
  • HVAC Control Systems
    • A/C-Heater System - Automatic
      • Specifications
      • Description
      • Operation
        • A/C Compressor Speed Sensor
        • A/C-Heater Control Panel & Air Distribution
          • A/C-Heater Control Panel
          • Air Distribution
          • Automatic Mode
          • Blower Speed Settings
          • Compressor On/Off Button
          • Defrost Mode
        • High Pressure Switch
        • High Pressure Cut-Out Switch
        • Low Pressure Switch
        • Pressure Relief Valve
      • Self-Diagnostics
        • Notes
        • A/C-Heater System - Automatic
          • Hard Failures
          • Intermittent Failures
        • Diagnostic Trouble Code Memory
          • Retrieving & Clearing Codes
        • A/C-Heater Control Panel Coding
        • Basic Setting
        • Measuring Value Block
        • Output Diagnostic Test Mode
        • DTC 00000: No DTC Recognized
        • DTC 00529: Speed Information Missing
          • Notes
          • Possible Causes
          • Corrective Actions
        • DTC 00532: Supply Voltage Too Low
          • Notes
          • Possible Causes
          • Corrective Actions
        • DTC 00600: Temperature Regulator Flap Motor Position Sensor
          • Notes
          • Possible Causes
          • Corrective Actions
        • DTC 00601: Central Flap Motor Position Sensor
          • Notes
          • Possible Causes
          • Corrective Actions
        • DTC 00602: FOOTWELL/Defroster Motor Position Sensor
          • Notes
          • Possible Causes
          • Corrective Actions
        • DTC 00603: FOOTWELL/Defroster Flap Motor
          • Possible Causes
          • Corrective Actions
        • DTC 00604: Back Pressure Flap Motor Position Sensor
          • Notes
          • Possible Causes
          • Corrective Actions
        • DTC 00625: Road Speed Signal
          • Possible Causes
          • Corrective Actions
        • DTC 00779: Outside Air Temperature Sensor
          • Possible Causes
          • Corrective Actions
        • DTC 00785: Instrument Panel Interior Temperature Sensor
          • Possible Causes
          • Corrective Actions
        • DTC 00787: Fresh Air Intake Duct Temperature Sensor
          • Possible Causes
          • Corrective Actions
        • DTC 00797: Sunlight Photo Sensor
          • Possible Causes
          • Corrective Actions
        • DTC 00801: High Pressure Cut-Out Switch
          • Notes
          • Possible Causes
          • Corrective Actions
        • DTC 01270: A/C Clutch (Open Circuit)
          • Notes
          • Possible Causes
          • Corrective Actions
        • DTC 01270: A/C Clutch (Speed Difference Too Great)
          • Notes
          • Possible Causes
          • Corrective Actions
        • DTC 01270: A/C Clutch (Mechanical Malfunction)
          • Notes
          • Possible Causes
          • Corrective Actions
        • DTC 01271: Temperature Regulator Flap Motor
          • Possible Causes
          • Corrective Actions
        • DTC 01272: Central Air Flap Motor
          • Possible Causes
          • Corrective Actions
        • DTC 01273: Fresh Air Blower
          • Possible Causes
          • Corrective Actions
        • DTC 01274: Airflow Flap Motor
          • Possible Causes
          • Corrective Actions
      • Testing
        • Notes
        • A/C System Performance
        • Test Equipment Hook-Up
        • A/C-Heater Control Panel
        • Temperature Sensors
        • Fresh Air Blower & Fresh Air Blower Control Module
        • Air/Temperature Distribution Flap Motors & Sensors
        • A/C Compressor Speed Sensor, Pressure Switches & Interior Temperature Sensor Fan
        • A/C Clutch Relay & Coolant Fan Low Speed
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • A/C Compressor
          • Removal & Installation
        • A/C Compressor Speed Sensor
          • Removal & Installation (Zexel Compressors)
        • A/C-Heater Assembly & Instrument Panel
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • A/C-Heater Control Panel
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Accumulator
          • Removal & Installation
        • Air Distribution Flap Motors
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Center Console
          • Removal & Installation (Rear)
          • Removal & Installation (Front)
        • Evaporator
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Fresh Air Blower
          • Removal & Installation
        • Fresh Air Blower Control Module
          • Removal & Installation
        • Heater Core
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Orifice Tube
          • Removal & Installation
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wiring Diagrams
• Maintenance
  • Procedures
    • Interference Verification Check For OHC Engine
      • Timing Belt Interference Verification Information
        • Timing Belt Interference Caution
        • Timing Belt Interference Check Menu
    • Maintenance Reminder Light (Reset Procedures)
      • Emissions Maintenance Reminder (EGR)
        • Notes
        • Emissions Maintenance Reminder Reset Procedure (EGR)
      • Emissions Maintenance Reminder (Oxygen Sensor)
        • Notes
        • Emissions Maintenance Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
        • Emissions Maintenance Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
        • Emissions Maintenance Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
      • Maintenance Service Reminder
        • Notes
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 06
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 07
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 08
          • Notes
          • Service Interval Display Reset
          • Oil Quality Adapting
          • Maximum Values Adapting
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 09
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 10
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 11
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 12
        • Maintenance Service Reminder Reset - Procedure 13
      • Tire Pressure Monitor System Reminder
        • Notes
        • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 01
        • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 02
        • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 03
        • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 04
        • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 05
        • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 06
        • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 07
        • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 08
        • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 09
        • TPMS Reminder Reset - Procedure 10
• Restraints
  • Air Bag, SRS
    • Air Bag Restraint System
      • Description & Operation
      • Servicing
      • Post-Collision Inspection
      • Adjustments
      • Disposal Procedures
        • Deployed Air Bag
        • UNDEPLOYED Air Bag
        • Scrapped Vehicle
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Control Unit
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Driver-Side Air Bag Unit
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Passenger-Side Air Bag Unit
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Spiral Spring
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Steering Wheel
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • System Operation Check
      • Service Precautions
      • Disabling & Activating Air Bag System
      • Wire Repair
      • Torque Specifications
      • Testing
        • Notes
        • Self-Diagnostic System
          • Preliminary Steps
          • Connecting Diagnostic Tester (VAG 1551)
      • TESTNG
        • Code 00532 - Low Voltage Supply Signal
          • Printer Display
          • Symptom
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Action
        • Code 00588 - Driver-Side Air Bag IGNITOR Malfunction
          • Printer Display, N95
          • Symptom
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Action
        • Code 00588 - Diagnostic Procedure
        • Code 00589 - Passenger-Side Air Bag No. 1 IGNITOR Malfunction
          • Printer Display, N131
          • Symptom
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Action
        • Code 00590 - Passenger-Side Air Bag No. 2 IGNITOR Malfunction
          • Printer Display, N132
          • Symptom
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Action
        • Code 00594 - Short To Voltage
          • Printer Display
          • Symptom
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Action
        • Code 00594 - Air Bag Short To Ground
          • Printer Display
          • Symptom
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Action
        • Code 00595 - Crash Data Stored
          • Printer Display
          • Symptom
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Action
        • Code 01025 - Air Bag Indicator Light Malfunction
          • Printer Display
          • Symptom
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Action
        • Code 01025 - Diagnostic Procedure
        • Code 65535 - Control Unit Defective
          • Printer Display
          • Symptom
          • Possible Cause
          • Corrective Action
      • Wiring Diagram
    • Air Bag/SRS Component Inspection & Replacement Tables - EUROPEAN
      • ALFA Romeo (1991-95)
      • AUDI (1989-04)
      • BMW (1986-04)
      • Jaguar (1990-04)
      • Land Rover (1995-04)
      • MERCEDES-BENZ (1986-04)
      • Mini (2002-04)
      • PORSCHE (1987-04)
      • SAAB (1989-04)
      • VOLKSWAGEN (1990-04)
      • VOLVO (1987-04)
• Steering
  • Manual Steering
    • Steering System - Power
      • Identification
        • Engine Identification
      • Description & Operation
      • System Testing
        • Hydraulic System Inspection
        • Power Steering Pump Test
          • 1.8L Turbo (Engine Codes AEB, ATM & AWM)
          • 2.8L V6 (Engine Codes AFC, AHA & ATQ)
      • Lubrication
        • Capacity
        • Fluid Type
        • Fluid Level Check
      • Bleeding
        • Steering System Bleeding
      • Adjustments
        • Power Steering Pump Belt
        • Steering Play
      • Removal & Installation
        • Front Bumper & Lock Carrier
          • Removal & Installation (Up To VIN 8D XA 200 000)
          • Removal & Installation (8D XA 200 001 & Up)
        • Power Steering Pump Belt
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (1.8L Turbo Engine Code AEB, ATM, & AWM)
          • Removal & Installation (2.8L V6 Engine Code AFC, AHA & ATQ)
        • Power Steering Pump
          • Removal (1.8L Turbo Engine Code AEB, ATM & AWM)
          • Installation
          • Removal & Installation (2.8L Engine Code AFC, AHA & ATQ)
        • Power Steering Gear
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Overhaul
        • Disassembly & Reassembly
      • Torque Specifications
  • Power Steering
    • Steering System - Power
      • Identification
        • Engine Identification
      • Description & Operation
      • System Testing
        • Hydraulic System Inspection
        • Power Steering Pump Test
          • 1.8L Turbo (Engine Codes AEB, ATM & AWM)
          • 2.8L V6 (Engine Codes AFC, AHA & ATQ)
      • Lubrication
        • Capacity
        • Fluid Type
        • Fluid Level Check
      • Bleeding
        • Steering System Bleeding
      • Adjustments
        • Power Steering Pump Belt
        • Steering Play
      • Removal & Installation
        • Front Bumper & Lock Carrier
          • Removal & Installation (Up To VIN 8D XA 200 000)
          • Removal & Installation (8D XA 200 001 & Up)
        • Power Steering Pump Belt
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation (1.8L Turbo Engine Code AEB, ATM, & AWM)
          • Removal & Installation (2.8L V6 Engine Code AFC, AHA & ATQ)
        • Power Steering Pump
          • Removal (1.8L Turbo Engine Code AEB, ATM & AWM)
          • Installation
          • Removal & Installation (2.8L Engine Code AFC, AHA & ATQ)
        • Power Steering Gear
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Overhaul
        • Disassembly & Reassembly
      • Torque Specifications
  • Steering Column
    • Description
    • Removal & Installation
      • Notes
      • Steering Wheel & Horn Pad
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Spiral Spring
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Combination Switch
        • Removal & Installation
      • Ignition Switch & Lock Cylinder
        • Notes
        • Removal (Lock Cylinder)
        • Installation
        • Removal & Installation (Ignition Switch)
      • Steering Column
        • Notes
        • Removal
        • Installation
    • Torque Specifications
• Suspension
  • Front Suspension
    • Suspension - Front
      • Identification
        • Identifying Vehicle Suspension
      • Description
        • Front Suspension
        • Suspension Modification (Stop Plates)
        • Vehicles With Gas Discharge Headlights
      • Adjustments
        • Wheel Alignment Specifications & Procedures
        • Wheel Bearing
      • Inspection
        • Ball Joint Checking
      • On-Vehicle Service
        • Service Precautions
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Lower Guide Link
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Lower Guide Link Bushings
        • Lower Track Control Link
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Lower Track Control Link Bushings
        • Mounting Bracket
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Stabilizer Bar & Bushings
          • Removal & Installation
        • Strut Assembly
          • Removal
          • Disassembly & Reassembly
          • Installation
        • Strut Cartridge
          • Removal & Installation
        • SUBFRAME & SUBFRAME Bushings
          • Removal
          • Subframe Bushings
          • Installation
        • Upper Control Arms & Bushings
          • Removal & Installation
        • Wheel Bearings (Wheel Bearing Housing Removed From Vehicle)
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Wheel Bearing Housing
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Torque Specifications
        • Notes
        • Ribbed Bolt IDENTIFCATION
  • Rear Suspension
    • Suspension - Rear, Fwd
      • Description
        • Rear Suspension
        • Suspension Weight Codes
      • Adjustments
        • Wheel Alignment Specifications & Procedures
        • Rear Axle Rough Alignment
        • Wheel Bearing
      • On-Vehicle Service
        • Suspension Precautions
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Abs Wheel Speed Sensor Rotor
          • Removal & Installation
        • Guide Bushing
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Rear Axle Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Rear Seat
          • Removal & Installation (Rear Seat Cushion)
          • Removal & Installation (Rear Seat Back: One Piece Backrest)
          • Removal & Installation (Rear Seat Back: Sedan Split Rear Seat Backrest)
          • Removal & Installation (Rear Seat Back: Avant Split Rear Seat Backrest, Up To 1998)
          • Removal & Installation (Rear Seat Back: Avant Split Rear Seat Backrest, From 1998)
        • Strut Assembly
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Disassembly
          • Reassembly
          • Installation
        • Retaining Strap
          • Installation
        • Wheel Bearing
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Torque Specifications
  • Wheel Alignment
    • Specifications & Procedures
      • Identification
        • Vehicle Identification
        • Identifying Suspension Variations
      • Jacking & Hoisting
        • Frame & Underbody
      • Wheel Alignment Procedures
        • Preliminary Checks
        • Wheel Alignment Work Sequence
        • Camber Adjustment (Front)
        • Camber Adjustment (Rear)
          • Fwd
          • AWD
        • Caster Adjustment
        • Toe-In Curve
          • Notes
          • Setting Suspension To Starting Position (1BA, 1BC & 1BP)
          • Setting Suspension To Starting Position (1BD & 1BE)
          • Setting Suspension To Starting Position (1BB)
          • Adjusting Toe Constant "S" (All Suspension Types)
        • Toe Adjustment
          • Notes
          • Front
          • Rear (FWD)
          • Rear (AWD)
      • Torque Specifications
      • Wheel Alignment Specifications
• Transmission
  • Clutches - 012/01W, Fwd
    • Application
      • Transaxle
    • Identification
      • Transaxle
    • Description
    • Bleeding
      • Clutch Hydraulic System Overview
      • Clutch Hydraulic System
    • Adjustments
      • Clutch Pedal Free Play
      • Clutch Pedal Position Switch
      • Shift Mechanism
        • Shift Mechanism Adjustment (Checking)
        • Shift Mechanism (Fine Adjustment)
        • Removing & Installing (Gear Lock For Fifth & Reverse Gear)
          • Notes
          • Assembling Gear Lock For Fifth & Reverse Gear
    • Battery Disconnect Precautions
    • Removal & Installation
      • Clutch Pedal Assembly & Clutch Control Overview
      • Clutch Master Cylinder
        • Notes
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Clutch Slave Cylinder
        • Notes
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Clutch Pedal & OVERCENTER Spring
        • Notes
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Clutch Release Mechanism & Input Shaft Sealing Components Overview
      • Clutch Assembly
        • Notes
        • Removal
        • Inspection
        • Installation
      • Dual-Mass Flywheel, Pilot Needle Bearing
      • Transaxle
        • Notes
        • Removal: 1.8L Turbo
        • Removal: 2.8L V6
        • Installation: 1.8L Turbo & 2.8L V6
        • Securing/Supporting & Transporting Transaxle
          • Securing Transaxle To Assembly Stand: Front Wheel Drive
          • Transporting Transaxle: Front Wheel Drive
        • Aligning Exhaust System
          • Notes
          • Aligning Exhaust System
            • Notes
            • Front Wheel Drive Vehicles
            • Exhaust System: Checking For Leaks
    • Overhaul
      • Clutch Master Cylinder
      • Clutch Slave Cylinder
    • Torque Specifications
  • Manual Trans
    • Overhaul - Type 012 5-Speed (2WD)
      • Application & Labor Times
      • Identification
      • Lubrication & Adjustments
      • Trouble Shooting
      • On-Vehicle Service
        • Axle Shafts
      • Removal & Installation
      • Transaxle Disassembly
      • Component Disassembly & Reassembly
        • Gear Carrier
          • Disassembly
          • Cleaning & Inspection
          • Reassembly
        • Input Shaft
          • Notes
          • Disassembly
          • Cleaning & Inspection
          • Reassembly
        • Pinion Shaft
          • Notes
          • Disassembly
          • Cleaning & Inspection
          • Reassembly
        • Shift Selector Assembly
          • Disassembly
          • Cleaning & Inspection
          • Reassembly
        • Reverse Idler Gear
          • Disassembly & Reassembly
        • 5TH/Reverse Gear Detent
          • Notes
          • Disassembly & Reassembly
        • Final Drive Housing
          • Disassembly
          • Cleaning & Inspection
          • Reassembly
        • Gear Carrier Housing
          • Overview
          • Disassembly
          • Cleaning & Inspection
          • Reassembly
        • Differential
          • Disassembly
          • Cleaning & Inspection
          • Reassembly
        • Adjustments
        • Adjustment Table
        • Pinion Depth
        • Ring Gear Adjusting
        • Ring Gear Backlash
      • Transmission Reassembly
      • Torque Specifications
    • Removal & Installation - M/T
      • Removal & Installation
        • Identification
        • Model 012 (Fwd)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Model 01A (AWD)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Driveshaft (AWD)
          • Removal & Installation
      • Adjustments
      • Torque Specifications
    • Servicing - M/T (012/01W)
      • Application
        • Transaxle
      • Identification
        • Transaxle
      • Lubrication
        • Service Intervals
        • Checking Fluid Level
        • Recommended Fluid
        • Fluid Capacities
      • Battery Disconnect Precautions
      • Adjustments
        • Shift Mechanism
          • Adjusting
          • Shift Mechanism Adjustment (Checking)
          • Shift Mechanism (Fine Adjustment)
          • Removing & Installing (Gear Lock For Fifth & Reverse Gear)
            • Notes
            • Assembling Gear Lock For Fifth & Reverse Gear
      • Removal & Installation
        • Notes
        • Axle Seals
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Back-Up Light Switch
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Shift Mechanism
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Vehicle Speed Sensor
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Vehicle Speed Sensor Drive Wheel
          • Notes
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Torque Specifications
• External Pages