Technical Service Bulletins
- A/C Compressor
- Filtering Refrigerant After Compressor Replacement (98-12-5)
- Identification Of Non-Ford Approved Refrigerants (99-19-6)
- Use Of R-12 Refrigerant Substitutes (96-17-10)
- A/C System Service - List Of Bulletins To Reference (96-15-6)
- Ford Approved Flushing Procedures For A/C System (95-8-1)
- R-12 Refrigerant Substitutes - Service Tip (94-14-3)
- Engine Hesitation/Stall/Low Eng Temp: Diagnosis (93-24-8)
- Use Of Correct Fluorescent Tracer Dye - Service Tip (93-20-6)
- A/C SLC Refrigerant Fittings Cleaning/New O-Ring Kit (93-6-5)
- New Refrigerant Fitting "O" Rings (91-22-5)
- Air Conditioning - Refrigerant R-12 - Service Tips (91-9-7)
- A/C "O" Ring Usage Table (90-14-8)
- Poor A/C - Clutch Pressure Cycling Switch Diagnosis (89-14-10)
- A/C Drier - Replace When Major Component Serviced (88-25-5)
- A/C Clutch Cycling Pressure Switch Diagnosis (87-6-4)
- A/C Clutch Damage From OVERTIGHTEN - Torque Wrench (86-22-7)
- A/C Clutch Pressure Cycling Switch Diagnostic (89-7T-19)
- Accessories Control Systems
- Anti-Lock Brakes
- Anti-Theft Systems
- No Crank - Low State Of Battery Charge (91-10-8)
- Latches - Door - Replacement Required (91-8-4)
- Treating Cosmetic Paint Damage From AIRBORN Material (89-13-3)
- Manual Vent Windows - Glass Sticks To Weatherstrip (88-14-1)
- Power Door Locks Inoperative - Rod Retainer Clip (88-7-1)
- Surface Rust On Chassis Components:Removal Procedure (88-6-6)
- Keyless Entry System New Diagnosis (87-18-6)
- No Keyless Entry System AUTOLOCK - Reconnect Switch (87-16-2)
- Theft Prevention Standard: Parts Identification No. (86-18-2)
- Automatic Trans
- MERCON ATF Is Being Replaced By MERCON V ATF As A Service Fluid (06-14-4)
- Transmission Flush/Fill Tool Available From Rotunda (99-15-2)
- Transmission Fluid Usage Chart (98-8-8)
- Torque Converter Replacement - Cooling SYS. Cleaning (96-26-12)
- Torque Converter Leak Test Procedure - New Tool (96-24-9)
- New Rotunda Fluid Changer - Service Tip (95-16-10)
- AOD Transmission No 3-4 Upshift Or Slipping 4TH Gear (93-23-18)
- AXODE Trans No Forward/Reverse - New Low Clutch Kit (92-6-11)
- AOD Thrust Bearing Noise/Crank Wear - Flywheel Bolts (92-18-6)
- AXOD Thrust Washer/Needle Bearing Installation (89-24-7)
- Adhesives & Sealants - Availability & Usage (89-12-2)
- AOD Trans Case Replacement - Bolt Modifications (89-9-12)
- AOD Trans 1-2 Slip/3-2 Bump - Clutch Friction Plates (88-7-12)
- AOD Transmission New Overdrive Band Anchor Pin (87-22-13)
- A/T Cooler Line Connections Leak - Modify Connectors (87-18-13)
- New ATF Applications Chart (87-18-14)
- AOD Trans Main Control Assembly Bolts Caution (87-10-14)
- Approved Adhesives & Sealants For Eng/Trans/Steering (89-6T-7)
- Auxiliary Emission Control Systems
- EXH Gas Oxygen Sensor Silicone Sealer Contamination (93-23-6)
- Electronic Control Modules - Damage From Arc Welding (91-7-5)
- No Start/Low Battery/Fuel Pump Noise - Pump Relay (90-18-3)
- Rough Idle - Air By Pass Valve Replacement Part (89-24-4)
- TPS Service Replacement Chart (89-16-4)
- Throttle Position Sensor Screw Removal (89-14-7)
- EEC IV Eng & 2.3L/2.5L HSC CFI Map/Bap Sensor Applications Chart (89-1-12)
- 5.0L Low Oil Pressure - Oil Screen/Cover/PCV Valve (88-5-10)
- Poor DRIVEABILITY - Fuel Injector Diagnosis/Cleaning (88-17-11)
- Electronic Modules - Damage From Static Electricity (88-13-3)
- 5.0L Eng Low Oil Press Light - Oil Pick-Up Tube Clog (88-5-10)
- 5.0L Eng PCV Valve Replacement Interval (87-14-11)
- EFI Rough Idle/Injector Terminals Loose - Diagnosis (87-13-6)
- ECM Processor Warranty Decal Information (87-11-13)
- 5.0L SEFI Consumes Oil - PCV Baffle/Oil Plug/Seals (87-7-12)
- 2.3/2.5L Eng New Map/Bap Sensor Application Table (89-1T-19)
- Injector Tester/Cleaner Tool Maintenance Info (89-15-3)
- Throttle Position Sensor POZIDRIVE Mount Screw Info (89-7T-9)
- Blowers, Superchargers & Turbochargers
- Body Interior
- Electrical Diode Identification And Replacements (96-24-6)
- Erratic Distance-To-Empty & Fuel Gauge Readings (95-2-3)
- A/C Chemical Smell - Clutch Cycling Pressure Switch (91-11-8)
- Latches - Door - Replacement Required (91-8-4)
- Air Conditioning Odor Treatment - Service Procedure (89-25B-1)
- Poor A/C - Clutch Pressure Cycling Switch Diagnosis (89-14-10)
- Inaccurate Speedo Readings - Mechanical & Electronic (89-2-7)
- Manual Vent Windows - Glass Sticks To Weatherstrip (88-14-1)
- A/C Clutch Pressure Cycling Switch Diagnostic (89-7T-19)
- Brakes Control Systems
- Charging Systems
- Clutch
- Cooling Fan
- Cooling System (Mechanical)
- Leaks Oil - New Silicone Gasket & Sealant (98-7-4)
- Use Of Recycled Engine Coolant - Service Tip (95-18-2)
- Engine Hesitation/Stall/Low Eng Temp: Diagnosis (93-24-8)
- Cooling System - Use Of Recycled Engine Coolant (90-4-10)
- Adhesives & Sealants - Availability & Usage (89-12-2)
- Revised Electric Fuel Pump Testing (87-11-15)
- Fuel Stabilizer During Extended Vehicle Storage (86-13-20)
- Diagnostic Tips For Heater Core Leaks (85-5-2)
- Approved Adhesives & Sealants For Eng/Trans/Steering (89-6T-7)
- Cruise Control Systems
- Differentials & Drive Axles
- Electronic Steering
- Electronic Suspension
- Engine Control Systems
- MOTORCRAFT Fuel Injector Cleaning System (94-8-9)
- Engine Hesitation/Stall/Low Eng Temp: Diagnosis (93-24-8)
- Fuel Injectors Clogged - New Fuel Injector Cleaning (91-19-3)
- Electronic Control Modules - Damage From Arc Welding (91-7-5)
- No Start/Low Battery/Fuel Pump Noise - Pump Relay (90-18-3)
- Rough Idle - Air By Pass Valve Replacement Part (89-24-4)
- TPS Service Replacement Chart (89-16-4)
- Throttle Position Sensor Screw Removal (89-14-7)
- EEC IV Eng & 2.3L/2.5L HSC CFI Map/Bap Sensor Applications Chart (89-1-12)
- Poor DRIVEABILITY - Fuel Injector Diagnosis/Cleaning (88-17-11)
- Electronic Modules - Damage From Static Electricity (88-13-3)
- EFI Rough Idle/Injector Terminals Loose - Diagnosis (87-13-6)
- ECM Processor Warranty Decal Information (87-11-13)
- Fuel Line Spring Lock Coupling R & R (87-3-8)
- 2.3/2.5L Eng New Map/Bap Sensor Application Table (89-1T-19)
- Injector Tester/Cleaner Tool Maintenance Info (89-15-3)
- Throttle Position Sensor POZIDRIVE Mount Screw Info (89-7T-9)
- Entertainment Systems
- Exterior Body Panels
- Exterior Lights
- Frames, Subframes & Crossmembers
- Bumper ISOLATER And Bracket Replacement Guidelines (94-8-1)
- Squeak From CROSSMEMBER No.3 - New Insulators/Bolts (91-2-1)
- Lower Body Stone Protection Repair Tips (90-15-3)
- Treating Cosmetic Paint Damage From AIRBORN Material (89-13-3)
- Surface Rust On Chassis Components:Removal Procedure (88-6-6)
- Theft Prevention Standard: Parts Identification No. (86-18-2)
- Front Suspension
- Fuel System
- MOTORCRAFT Fuel Injector Cleaning System (94-8-9)
- Engine Hesitation/Stall/Low Eng Temp: Diagnosis (93-24-8)
- Fuel Injectors Clogged - New Fuel Injector Cleaning (91-19-3)
- Inaccurate Speedo Readings - Mechanical & Electronic (89-2-7)
- CFI Fuel Injector Contamination - Replace Injector (87-17-5)
- Fuel Line Spring Lock Coupling R & R (87-3-8)
- Fuses & Circuit Breakers
- Wiring - Wire Harness Terminal Repair Kit (99-6-3)
- Electrical - New Terminal Grease For Service (98-24-6)
- Electrical Diode Identification And Replacements (96-24-6)
- No Crank - Low State Of Battery Charge (91-10-8)
- Wire Harness Terminal & Connector Service Kit (89-19-5)
- New Micro-Pin Terminal Connectors Locking/Unlocking (87-7-7)
- Wiring System Diagnosis Cautions (87-4-8)
- Engine Compartment - Use Waterproof Wire Connectors (87-2-6)
- Wiring Diagram Symbols Explanation (85-11-5)
- Gauges & Instrument Panels
- Erratic Distance-To-Empty & Fuel Gauge Readings (95-2-3)
- SPEEDOMTR Modules/Cluster-PSOM Replacement Available (93-12-9)
- New Digital Speedometer With Preset Odometer (91-8-14)
- Fuel Tank Sending Unit Wiring Damaged - New Wiring (89-14-6)
- Inaccurate Speedo Readings - Mechanical & Electronic (89-2-7)
- 5.0L Eng Low Oil Press Light - Oil Pick-Up Tube Clog (88-5-10)
- No Start/Ammeter Erratic - Alternator Terminals (88-3-8)
- False Lamp Out Warnings - Trailer Lighting Install. (88-2-6)
- Electronic Dash "Odometer Displays Error" Diagnosis (87-14-3)
- Damaged Fuel Tank Sending Unit Connector Repair (89-7T-14)
- New In Car Fuel Sender Test Procedure (86-15-5)
- General Servicing
- Hazardous Waste Material
- Headlights
- Heated Glass/Defoggers
- HVAC Control Systems
- Climate Control - Repeat Heater Core Failure (01-15-6)
- Filtering Refrigerant After Compressor Replacement (98-12-5)
- Identification Of Non-Ford Approved Refrigerants (99-19-6)
- Blower Motor Chirp Or Squeak At Low Speeds (97-6-10)
- Use Of R-12 Refrigerant Substitutes (96-17-10)
- A/C System Service - List Of Bulletins To Reference (96-15-6)
- Ford Approved Flushing Procedures For A/C System (95-8-1)
- A/C "O" Ring Removal From Spring Lock Coupling (95-2-2)
- R-12 Refrigerant Substitutes - Service Tip (94-14-3)
- Service Parts Return Of Obsolete A/C Discharge Hoses (94-13-9)
- Engine Hesitation/Stall/Low Eng Temp: Diagnosis (93-24-8)
- Service Parts Return Of Obsolete A/C Filter Kits (93-22-6)
- Use Of Correct Fluorescent Tracer Dye - Service Tip (93-20-6)
- A/C SLC Refrigerant Fittings Cleaning/New O-Ring Kit (93-6-5)
- New Refrigerant Fitting "O" Rings (91-22-5)
- A/C Chemical Smell - Clutch Cycling Pressure Switch (91-11-8)
- Air Conditioning - Refrigerant R-12 - Service Tips (91-9-7)
- Electronic Control Modules - Damage From Arc Welding (91-7-5)
- A/C "O" Ring Usage Table (90-14-8)
- Service Tips For Redesigned A/C Control Head Replace (91-11-7)
- Air Conditioning Odor Treatment - Service Procedure (89-25B-1)
- Poor A/C - Clutch Pressure Cycling Switch Diagnosis (89-14-10)
- Water Leak Onto Carpet - New Evaporator Core Seal (89-16-7)
- A/C Drier - Replace When Major Component Serviced (88-25-5)
- Electronic Modules - Damage From Static Electricity (88-13-3)
- New A/C Blower Motor Wheel R & R (88-3-6)
- Diagnostic Tips For Heater Core Leaks (85-5-2)
- A/C Clutch Pressure Cycling Switch Diagnostic (89-7T-19)
- Identification
- Ignition Switch/Steering Lock
- Instrument Cluster Warning Lights Dimly Lit (93-24-10)
- No Crank - Low State Of Battery Charge (91-10-8)
- Latches - Door - Replacement Required (91-8-4)
- New Ignition Switch Replacement Procedure (89-10T-5)
- Ignition Key Warning Switch New R & I (89-19-2)
- Door Lock/Ignition 5/10 Bit Key Systems Information (87-24-2)
- Ignition System
- Engine Hesitation/Stall/Low Eng Temp: Diagnosis (93-24-8)
- New Idle Air By-Pass Kit & ECA Relearn Procedure (91-7-4)
- Poor Cold Start/Idle/Run - Fuel Recommendations (91-8-13)
- TFI/ECM Intermittent Ignition Testing Correction (89-25-10)
- New Ignition Switch Replacement Procedure (89-10T-5)
- Distributor Gear Matched To Distributor At Assembly (89-6-11)
- Hard/No Start - TFI Module Connection (88-20-9)
- TFI Module/Pip Sensor New EEC-IV Testing (87-21-10)
- 2.0/2.3/2.5/3.0/3.8/5.0/5.8L Eng Short IGN Coil (87-20-18)
- Revised Electric Fuel Pump Testing (87-11-15)
- TFI Stall/No Start - TFI Module Diagnosis/Sealing (87-6-10)
- New Distributor Drive Gear Removal Tool (87-2-18)
- Fuel Stabilizer During Extended Vehicle Storage (86-13-20)
- Infotainment
- Interior/Exterior Trim
- Treating Cosmetic Paint Damage From AIRBORN Material (89-13-3)
- Manual Vent Windows - Glass Sticks To Weatherstrip (88-14-1)
- Adhesive BODYSIDE Mouldings & Nameplates Replacement (88-10-4)
- Surface Rust On Chassis Components:Removal Procedure (88-6-6)
- Improved Lower Sound Insulator Panels Availability (87-21-1)
- Interior Trim: Recommended Clean-Up Tips (87-2-3)
- Adhesive-Backed Name Plate/Emblem Loose: Replacement (86-20-1)
- Interior/Illumination Lights
- Locking Hubs
- Lubrication System
- Leaks Oil - New Silicone Gasket & Sealant (98-7-4)
- Adhesives & Sealants - Availability & Usage (89-12-2)
- Oil Consumption Information (89-9-10)
- Revised Electric Fuel Pump Testing (87-11-15)
- Reading Oil Dipstick Fill Marks/Proper Oil Filling (87-9-5)
- Fuel Stabilizer During Extended Vehicle Storage (86-13-20)
- Approved Adhesives & Sealants For Eng/Trans/Steering (89-6T-7)
- Normal Oil Consumption Information (89-5T-13)
- Manual Steering
- Manual Trans
- Mechanical
- Leaks Oil - New Silicone Gasket & Sealant (98-7-4)
- Engine Hesitation/Stall/Low Eng Temp: Diagnosis (93-24-8)
- AOD Thrust Bearing Noise/Crank Wear - Flywheel Bolts (92-18-6)
- New Idle Air By-Pass Kit & ECA Relearn Procedure (91-7-4)
- Poor Cold Start/Idle/Run - Fuel Recommendations (91-8-13)
- 5.0L Eng Excess Oil Consumption - Inspection/Repair (90-1-9)
- Adhesives & Sealants - Availability & Usage (89-12-2)
- Oil Consumption Information (89-9-10)
- Oil Dipstick Level Markings Unclear - Reading Marks (88-8-9)
- 5.0L Eng Low Oil Press Light - Oil Pick-Up Tube Clog (88-5-10)
- 5.0L Eng Knock - Main Bearing Clearance Adjustment (87-11-12)
- Revised Electric Fuel Pump Testing (87-11-15)
- 5.0L SEFI Consumes Oil - PCV Baffle/Oil Plug/Seals (87-7-12)
- Fuel Stabilizer During Extended Vehicle Storage (86-13-20)
- Approved Adhesives & Sealants For Eng/Trans/Steering (89-6T-7)
- Normal Oil Consumption Information (89-5T-13)
- Mechanical - Hydraulic
- Silicone Brake Caliper Grease Requirement (98-5A-13)
- Wheels - Proper Lug Torque Procedures - Service Tip (98-5A-4)
- Brakes - Roughness Concern During Brake Application (95-6-2)
- Occasional Or Intermittent Brake Squeal - Normal (90-22-6)
- Brake Shudder/Rotor Damage - Torque LUGNUTS Manually (90-19-9)
- Asbestos Brake & Clutch Warnings (83-22-1)
- Rear Disc Groan Low Speed Light Brake Pressure (88-25-9)
- Mirrors
- Overdrive Unit
- Paint & Coatings
- Urethane Mounted Glass Material Usage Procedure (95-12-1)
- Paint Iron Particle Removal/Acid Rain Neutralization (95-6-1)
- Primed Sheet Metal Prep Procedure & MSDS Information (94-23-4)
- Exterior Paint Comprehensive Repair Procedures (91-18-1)
- Lower Body Stone Protection Repair Tips (90-15-3)
- Treating Cosmetic Paint Damage From AIRBORN Material (89-13-3)
- Stronger Adhesive Vinyl Tape Stripes Availability (87-24-3)
- Difficulty Matching Production Paint Colors (87-15-1)
- Surface Rust On Chassis Components:Removal Procedure (88-6-6)
- 1987 Color Chart Supplier Cross-Reference List (87-1-2)
- Adhesive-Backed Name Plate/Emblem Loose: Replacement (86-20-1)
- Passive Restraints
- Procedures
- Rear Suspension
- Schedule
- Seats
- Sleeper
- Solar Ventilation
- Starter
- New Idle Air By-Pass Kit & ECA Relearn Procedure (91-7-4)
- No Crank - Low State Of Battery Charge (91-10-8)
- No Start/Low Battery/Fuel Pump Noise - Pump Relay (90-18-3)
- No Start/Ammeter Erratic - Alternator Terminals (88-3-8)
- Revised Electric Fuel Pump Testing (87-11-15)
- Fuel Stabilizer During Extended Vehicle Storage (86-13-20)
- Steering Column
- Steering Control Systems
- Steering Gear
- Steering Linkage
- Sun Roof/T-Top/Convertible Top
- Treating Cosmetic Paint Damage From AIRBORN Material (89-13-3)
- Stronger Adhesive Vinyl Tape Stripes Availability (87-24-3)
- Manual Vent Windows - Glass Sticks To Weatherstrip (88-14-1)
- Surface Rust On Chassis Components:Removal Procedure (88-6-6)
- Adhesive-Backed Name Plate/Emblem Loose: Replacement (86-20-1)
- Suspension Control Systems
- System
- Leaks Oil - New Silicone Gasket & Sealant (98-7-4)
- MOTORCRAFT Fuel Injector Cleaning System (94-8-9)
- Engine Hesitation/Stall/Low Eng Temp: Diagnosis (93-24-8)
- EXH Gas Oxygen Sensor Silicone Sealer Contamination (93-23-6)
- New Idle Air By-Pass Kit & ECA Relearn Procedure (91-7-4)
- Fuel Injectors Clogged - New Fuel Injector Cleaning (91-19-3)
- No Crank - Low State Of Battery Charge (91-10-8)
- Poor Cold Start/Idle/Run - Fuel Recommendations (91-8-13)
- Electronic Control Modules - Damage From Arc Welding (91-7-5)
- No Start/Low Battery/Fuel Pump Noise - Pump Relay (90-18-3)
- TFI/ECM Intermittent Ignition Testing Correction (89-25-10)
- Rough Idle - Air By Pass Valve Replacement Part (89-24-4)
- New Ignition Switch Replacement Procedure (89-10T-5)
- TPS Service Replacement Chart (89-16-4)
- Throttle Position Sensor Screw Removal (89-14-7)
- Adhesives & Sealants - Availability & Usage (89-12-2)
- Distributor Gear Matched To Distributor At Assembly (89-6-11)
- EEC IV Eng & 2.3L/2.5L HSC CFI Map/Bap Sensor Applications Chart (89-1-12)
- Hard/No Start - TFI Module Connection (88-20-9)
- 5.0L Low Oil Pressure - Oil Screen/Cover/PCV Valve (88-5-10)
- Poor DRIVEABILITY - Fuel Injector Diagnosis/Cleaning (88-17-11)
- Electronic Modules - Damage From Static Electricity (88-13-3)
- 5.0L Eng Low Oil Press Light - Oil Pick-Up Tube Clog (88-5-10)
- TFI Module/Pip Sensor New EEC-IV Testing (87-21-10)
- 2.0/2.3/2.5/3.0/3.8/5.0/5.8L Eng Short IGN Coil (87-20-18)
- CFI Fuel Injector Contamination - Replace Injector (87-17-5)
- 5.0L Eng PCV Valve Replacement Interval (87-14-11)
- EFI Rough Idle/Injector Terminals Loose - Diagnosis (87-13-6)
- ECM Processor Warranty Decal Information (87-11-13)
- Revised Electric Fuel Pump Testing (87-11-15)
- 5.0L SEFI Consumes Oil - PCV Baffle/Oil Plug/Seals (87-7-12)
- TFI Stall/No Start - TFI Module Diagnosis/Sealing (87-6-10)
- Fuel Line Spring Lock Coupling R & R (87-3-8)
- New Distributor Drive Gear Removal Tool (87-2-18)
- Fuel Stabilizer During Extended Vehicle Storage (86-13-20)
- 2.3/2.5L Eng New Map/Bap Sensor Application Table (89-1T-19)
- Approved Adhesives & Sealants For Eng/Trans/Steering (89-6T-7)
- Injector Tester/Cleaner Tool Maintenance Info (89-15-3)
- Throttle Position Sensor POZIDRIVE Mount Screw Info (89-7T-9)
- Transfer Case
- Transmission Control Systems
- Vacuum Pumps/Lines/Tanks/Water Trap
- Wheel Alignment
- Wheels & Tire System
- Wheels - Proper Lug Torque Procedures - Service Tip (98-5A-4)
- Tire Company Phone Numbers For Customer Assistance (98-5-2)
- Hum Noise From Air Suspension Compressor (94-21-2)
- Inner Tie Rod In-Vehicle Replacement Procedure (93-13-2)
- Brake Shudder/Rotor Damage - Torque LUGNUTS Manually (90-19-9)
- Wheel Weights/Aluminum Rims (90-13-2)
- Aluminum Rims Leak Air - Inspection/Hot Melt Sealant (89-17-3)
- Alum Wheel Leaks Air - Hot Melt Wheel Repair Info (89-9T-6)
- Aluminum Wheel Air Leak - Use Hot Melt-Stick On Leak (89-9T-6)
- Window Motors & Regulators
- Windshield And Interior Glass - Fog/Film (96-22-1)
- Urethane Mounted Glass Material Usage Procedure (95-12-1)
- Stronger Adhesive Vinyl Tape Stripes Availability (87-24-3)
- Manual Vent Windows - Glass Sticks To Weatherstrip (88-14-1)
- Power Door Locks Inoperative - Rod Retainer Clip (88-7-1)
- Door Locks Activated By Courtesy Light Switch - OK (87-1-7)
- Adhesive-Backed Name Plate/Emblem Loose: Replacement (86-20-1)
- Wiring System (Data Link Connectors, Pwr Dist., Grnd Dist.)
- Wiring - Wire Harness Terminal Repair Kit (99-6-3)
- Electrical - New Terminal Grease For Service (98-24-6)
- Electrical Diode Identification And Replacements (96-24-6)
- Erratic Distance-To-Empty & Fuel Gauge Readings (95-2-3)
- No Crank - Low State Of Battery Charge (91-10-8)
- Wire Harness Terminal & Connector Service Kit (89-19-5)
- Inaccurate Speedo Readings - Mechanical & Electronic (89-2-7)
- New Micro-Pin Terminal Connectors Locking/Unlocking (87-7-7)
- Wiring System Diagnosis Cautions (87-4-8)
- Engine Compartment - Use Waterproof Wire Connectors (87-2-6)
- Wiring Diagram Symbols Explanation (85-11-5)