ABS modulation: Notes
- Speed
- Brake force
- Vehicle speed
- Wheel speed
- Inlet valve open, outlet valve closed
- Inlet valve closed, outlet valve closed
- Outlet valve open, return pump activated
The ESP control module continually monitors wheel speed. If the value for a wheel exceeds the slip limit, the control module activates the ABS function and modulates the brake pressure to the wheel (s) in 3 phases. The modulation of the front brakes is individual, while the rear brake pressure is distributed evenly and determined by the wheel with least grip (greatest slip).