Repair and Diagnosis

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• Quick Lookups
  • Common Specs & Procedures
  • DTC Index
  • Fluids
  • Technical Bulletins
    • Campaigns
    • Safety Recalls
    • Technical Service Bulletins
  • Tire Fitment
  • Wiring Diagrams
    • System Wiring Diagrams
    • Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
• Accessories & Equipment
  • Anti-Theft Systems
    • Door Lock (Preparation)
    • Door Lock System - Service Information
    • Door Lock System (Service Specifications)
    • Keyless Access System - Diagnostic Codes (1 Of 2)
    • Keyless Access System - Diagnostic Codes (2 Of 2) & Symptom Tests
    • Keyless Access System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Power Door Lock Control System - Diagnostics & Circuit Tests
    • Theft Deterrent / Keyless Entry (Preparation)
    • Theft Deterrent / Keyless Entry System (Service Specifications)
    • Theft Deterrent System - Diagnostics & Circuit Tests
    • Theft Deterrent System - Service Information
  • Collision/Avoidance
    • Advanced Driver Assistance System - Service Information
    • Advanced Driver Assistance System (Preparation)
    • Advanced Driver Assistance System (Service Specifications)
    • Blind Spot Detection / Rear Cross Traffic Alert System - Diagnostic Codes
    • Blind Spot Detection / Rear Cross Traffic Alert System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Blind Spot Monitor Sensor - Service Information
    • Cruise Control Main Switch - Service Information
    • Cruise Control System - Diagnostics - Introduction & Diagnostic Codes
    • Cruise Control System (Preparation)
    • Eyesight System - Diagnostic Codes (1 Of 2)
    • Eyesight System - Diagnostic Codes (2 Of 2) & Symptom Tests
    • Eyesight System - Diagnostics - Introduction (1 Of 2)
    • Eyesight System - Diagnostics - Introduction (2 Of 2)
    • Park Assist / Monitoring (Preparation)
    • Park Assist / Monitoring System (Service Specifications)
  • Communication Devices
    • Body Control System - Diagnostic Codes
    • Body Control System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Can Communication System - Circuit Tests (1 Of 3) & Diagnostic Codes
    • Can Communication System - Circuit Tests (2 Of 3)
    • Can Communication System - Circuit Tests (3 Of 3)
    • Can Communication System - Diagnostics - Introduction (1 Of 3)
    • Can Communication System - Diagnostics - Introduction (2 Of 3)
    • Can Communication System - Diagnostics - Introduction (3 Of 3)
    • Main Body Ecu - Service Information
    • Network Gateway Ecu - Service Information
    • Networking (Preparation)
    • Networking (Service Specifications)
  • Cruise Control Systems
    • Cruise Control Main Switch - Service Information
    • Cruise Control System - Diagnostics - Introduction & Diagnostic Codes
    • Cruise Control System (Preparation)
  • Drivers Assistance Systems - ADAS
    • Advanced Driver Assistance System - Service Information
    • Advanced Driver Assistance System (Preparation)
    • Advanced Driver Assistance System (Service Specifications)
    • Blind Spot Detection / Rear Cross Traffic Alert System - Diagnostic Codes
    • Blind Spot Detection / Rear Cross Traffic Alert System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Blind Spot Monitor Sensor - Service Information
    • Cruise Control Main Switch - Service Information
    • Cruise Control System - Diagnostics - Introduction & Diagnostic Codes
    • Cruise Control System (Preparation)
    • Eyesight System - Diagnostic Codes (1 Of 2)
    • Eyesight System - Diagnostic Codes (2 Of 2) & Symptom Tests
    • Eyesight System - Diagnostics - Introduction (1 Of 2)
    • Eyesight System - Diagnostics - Introduction (2 Of 2)
    • Park Assist / Monitoring (Preparation)
    • Park Assist / Monitoring System (Service Specifications)
  • Entertainment Systems
    • ASC System - Diagnostic Codes
    • ASC System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Audio / Video (Preparation)
    • Audio / Video System - Diagnostic Codes & Symptom Tests
    • Audio / Video System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Audio / Video System - Service Information
    • Audio / Video System (Service Specifications)
    • Telematics System - Diagnostic Codes & Symptom Tests
    • Telematics System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Telematics System - Service Information
    • Telematics System (Preparation)
  • Exterior Lights
    • Lighting System (Ext) - Diagnostic Codes & Symptom Tests
    • Lighting System (Ext) - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Lighting System (Ext) - Service Information
    • Lighting System (Ext) (Preparation)
    • Lighting System (Ext) (Service Specifications)
  • Gauges & Instrument Panels
    • Interior Panels / Trim (Service Specifications)
    • Meter / Gauge / Display - Service Information
    • Meter / Gauge / Display (Preparation)
    • Meter / Gauge System - Diagnostic Codes, Circuit Tests & Symptom Tests
    • Meter / Gauge System - Diagnostics - Introduction
  • Headlights
    • Lighting System (Ext) - Diagnostic Codes & Symptom Tests
    • Lighting System (Ext) - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Lighting System (Ext) - Service Information
    • Lighting System (Ext) (Preparation)
    • Lighting System (Ext) (Service Specifications)
  • Heated Glass/Defoggers
    • Window Defogger System - Inspection
  • Horns
    • Horn (Preparation)
    • Horn (Service Specifications)
    • Horn System - Inspection
    • Horn System - Service Information
  • Infotainment
    • ASC System - Diagnostic Codes
    • ASC System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Audio / Video (Preparation)
    • Audio / Video System - Diagnostic Codes & Symptom Tests
    • Audio / Video System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Audio / Video System - Service Information
    • Audio / Video System (Service Specifications)
    • Telematics System - Diagnostic Codes & Symptom Tests
    • Telematics System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Telematics System - Service Information
    • Telematics System (Preparation)
  • Interior/Exterior Trim
    • Exterior Panels / Trim - Service Information
    • Exterior Panels / Trim (Preparation)
    • Exterior Panels / Trim (Service Specifications)
    • Interior Panels / Trim - Service Information
    • Interior Panels / Trim (Preparation)
    • Interior Panels / Trim (Service Specifications)
  • Interior/Illumination Lights
    • Lighting System (Int) - Diagnostics & Symptom Tests
    • Lighting System (Int) - Service Information
    • Lighting System (Int) (Preparation)
  • Mirrors
    • Inner Rear View Mirror - Service Information
    • Mirror (Ext) - Service Information
    • Mirror (Ext) (Preparation)
    • Mirror (Ext) (Service Specifications)
    • Power Mirror Control System - Inspection
  • Seats
    • Seat (Preparation)
    • Seat Heater System - Diagnostics & Symptom Tests
    • Seats - Service Information
    • Seats (Service Specifications)
  • Window Motors & Regulators
    • Power Window Control System - Diagnostic Codes & Symptom Tests
    • Power Window Control System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Window / Glass - Service Information
    • Window / Glass (Preparation)
    • Window / Glass (Service Specifications)
  • Wiper/Washer Systems
    • Wiper System / Washer System - Diagnostics & Symptom Tests
    • Wiper System / Washer System - Service Information
    • Wiper System / Washer System (Preparation)
    • Wiper System / Washer System (Service Specifications)
• Body & Frame
  • Door Locks
    • Door Lock (Preparation)
    • Door Lock System - Service Information
    • Door Lock System (Service Specifications)
    • Keyless Access System - Diagnostic Codes (1 Of 2)
    • Keyless Access System - Diagnostic Codes (2 Of 2) & Symptom Tests
    • Keyless Access System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Power Door Lock Control System - Diagnostics & Circuit Tests
    • Theft Deterrent / Keyless Entry (Preparation)
    • Theft Deterrent / Keyless Entry System (Service Specifications)
    • Theft Deterrent System - Diagnostics & Circuit Tests
    • Theft Deterrent System - Service Information
  • Exterior Body Panels
    • (Door / Hatch) - Service Information
    • Door / Hatch (Preparation)
    • Door / Hatch (Service Specifications)
    • Exterior Panels / Trim - Service Information
    • Exterior Panels / Trim (Preparation)
    • Exterior Panels / Trim (Service Specifications)
    • Fuel Lid Opener System - Diagnostics & Symptom Tests
  • Exterior/Interior Trim
    • Exterior Panels / Trim - Service Information
    • Exterior Panels / Trim (Preparation)
    • Exterior Panels / Trim (Service Specifications)
    • Interior Panels / Trim - Service Information
    • Interior Panels / Trim (Preparation)
    • Interior Panels / Trim (Service Specifications)
  • Mirrors
    • Inner Rear View Mirror - Service Information
    • Mirror (Ext) - Service Information
    • Mirror (Ext) (Preparation)
    • Mirror (Ext) (Service Specifications)
    • Power Mirror Control System - Inspection
  • Seats
    • Seat (Preparation)
    • Seat Heater System - Diagnostics & Symptom Tests
    • Seats - Service Information
    • Seats (Service Specifications)
  • Windows
    • Power Window Control System - Diagnostic Codes & Symptom Tests
    • Power Window Control System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Window / Glass - Service Information
    • Window / Glass (Preparation)
    • Window / Glass (Service Specifications)
• Brakes
  • Anti-Lock Brakes
    • Brake Control / Dynamic Control System (Preparation)
    • Brake Control / Dynamic Control System (Service Specifications)
    • Brake Control System - Service Information
  • Mechanical - Hydraulic
    • Brake System - Inspection
    • Brake System (Front) - Service Information
    • Brake System (Front) (Preparation)
    • Brake System (Front) (Service Specifications)
    • Brake System (Hydraulic) - Service Information
    • Brake System (Hydraulic) (Preparation)
    • Brake System (Hydraulic) (Service Specifications)
    • Brake System (Rear) - Service Information
    • Brake System (Rear) (Preparation)
    • Brake System (Rear) (Service Specifications)
    • Electronically Controlled Brake System - Diagnostic Codes, Symptom Tests & Circuit Tests
    • Electronically Controlled Brake System - Diagnostics - Introduction
  • Parking Brake System
    • Parking Brake System - Inspection And Adjustment
    • Parking Brake System - Service Information
    • Parking Brake System (Preparation)
    • Parking Brake System (Service Specifications)
  • Traction Control
    • Brake Control / Dynamic Control System (Preparation)
    • Brake Control / Dynamic Control System (Service Specifications)
    • Brake Control System - Service Information
• Drivelines & Axles
  • Axle Shafts
    • Axle And Differential - Service Information
    • Axle And Differential (Preparation)
    • Axle And Differential (Service Specifications)
    • Drive Axle System - Inspection
    • Drive Shaft / Propeller Shaft - Service Information
    • Drive Shaft / Propeller Shaft (Preparation)
    • Drive Shaft / Propeller Shaft (Service Specifications)
    • Drive Shaft System - Inspection
  • Differentials & Drive Axles
    • Axle And Differential - Service Information
    • Axle And Differential (Preparation)
    • Axle And Differential (Service Specifications)
    • Differential System - Inspection
    • Drive Axle System - Inspection
  • Driveshaft & Universal Joints
    • Drive Shaft / Propeller Shaft - Service Information
    • Drive Shaft / Propeller Shaft (Preparation)
    • Drive Shaft / Propeller Shaft (Service Specifications)
    • Propeller Shaft System - Inspection
  • Wheel Hubs
    • Axle And Differential - Service Information
    • Axle And Differential (Preparation)
    • Axle And Differential (Service Specifications)
    • Drive Axle System - Inspection
• Electrical
  • Body Electrical
    • Body Control System - Diagnostic Codes
    • Body Control System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Main Body Ecu - Service Information
    • Power Distribution (Preparation)
    • Power Distribution (Service Specifications)
    • Power Outlet Socket - Service Information
  • Charging Systems
    • Battery / Charging System - Diagnostic Codes & Symptom Tests
    • Battery / Charging System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Battery / Charging System - Service Information
    • Battery / Charging System (Preparation)
    • Battery / Charging System (Service Specifications)
  • Gauges
    • Interior Panels / Trim (Service Specifications)
    • Meter / Gauge / Display - Service Information
    • Meter / Gauge / Display (Preparation)
    • Meter / Gauge System - Diagnostic Codes, Circuit Tests & Symptom Tests
    • Meter / Gauge System - Diagnostics - Introduction
  • Horns
    • Horn (Preparation)
    • Horn (Service Specifications)
    • Horn System - Inspection
    • Horn System - Service Information
  • Motors, Switches, Relays
    • Body Control System - Diagnostic Codes
    • Body Control System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Main Body Ecu - Service Information
    • Power Distribution (Preparation)
    • Power Distribution (Service Specifications)
    • Power Outlet Socket - Service Information
  • Starter
    • Engine Starting System - Inspection
    • Engine Starting System - Service Information
    • Engine Starting System (Preparation)
    • Engine Starting System (Service Specifications)
  • Wiring Diagrams
    • System Wiring Diagrams
    • Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
• Engine Mechanical
  • Accessory Drive Belts
    • Engine Mechanical System - Service Information (1 Of 2)
  • Auxiliary Emission Control Systems
    • Emission Control System - Inspection
    • Emission Control System - Service Information
    • Emission Control System (Preparation)
    • Emission Control System (Service Specifications)
  • Cooling Fan
    • Engine Cooling Fan System - Diagnostics & Circuit Tests
    • Engine Cooling System - Service Information
  • Cooling System (Mechanical)
    • Block Heater
    • Engine Cooling Fan System - Diagnostics & Circuit Tests
    • Engine Cooling System - Inspection
    • Engine Cooling System - Service Information
    • Engine Cooling System (Preparation)
    • Engine Cooling System (Service Specifications)
  • Exhaust
    • Engine Intake / Exhaust System - Service Information
    • Engine Intake / Exhaust System (Preparation)
    • Engine Intake / Exhaust System (Service Specifications)
  • Fuel System
    • Fuel System - Inspection
    • Fuel System - Service Information
    • Fuel System (Preparation)
    • Fuel System (Service Specifications)
  • Lubrication System
    • Engine Lubrication System - Inspection
    • Engine Lubrication System - Service Information
    • Engine Lubrication System (Preparation)
    • Engine Lubrication System (Service Specifications)
  • Mechanical
    • Block Heater
    • Engine Intake / Exhaust System - Service Information
    • Engine Intake / Exhaust System (Preparation)
    • Engine Intake / Exhaust System (Service Specifications)
    • Engine Intake System - Inspection
    • Engine Mechanical System - Service Information (1 Of 2)
    • Engine Mechanical System - Service Information (2 Of 2)
    • Engine Mechanical System (Preparation)
    • Engine Mechanical System (Service Specifications)
  • Starter
    • Engine Starting System - Inspection
    • Engine Starting System - Service Information
    • Engine Starting System (Preparation)
    • Engine Starting System (Service Specifications)
• Engine Performance
  • Emissions
    • Emission Applications
    • Emission Control Abbreviations
    • State Emission Standards - Diesel
    • State Emission Standards - Gas
  • Engine Control Systems
    • Engine Control System - Service Information
    • Engine Control System (Preparation)
    • Engine Control System (Service Specifications)
  • Fuel Delivery
    • Fuel System - Inspection
    • Fuel System - Service Information
    • Fuel System (Preparation)
    • Fuel System (Service Specifications)
  • Ignition System - Inspection
  • Specifications
    • Firing Order & Cylinder Identification
  • System
    • Engine Control System - Diagnostic Codes (1 Of 6)
    • Engine Control System - Diagnostic Codes (2 Of 6)
    • Engine Control System - Diagnostic Codes (3 Of 6)
    • Engine Control System - Diagnostic Codes (4 Of 6)
    • Engine Control System - Diagnostic Codes (5 Of 6)
    • Engine Control System - Diagnostic Codes (6 Of 6) & Circuit Tests
    • Engine Control System - Diagnostics - Introduction (1 Of 3)
    • Engine Control System - Diagnostics - Introduction (2 Of 3)
    • Engine Control System - Diagnostics - Introduction (3 Of 3)
  • Testing & Diagnosis
    • Engine Control System - Diagnostic Codes (1 Of 6)
    • Engine Control System - Diagnostic Codes (2 Of 6)
    • Engine Control System - Diagnostic Codes (3 Of 6)
    • Engine Control System - Diagnostic Codes (4 Of 6)
    • Engine Control System - Diagnostic Codes (5 Of 6)
    • Engine Control System - Diagnostic Codes (6 Of 6) & Circuit Tests
    • Engine Control System - Diagnostics - Introduction (1 Of 3)
    • Engine Control System - Diagnostics - Introduction (2 Of 3)
    • Engine Control System - Diagnostics - Introduction (3 Of 3)
  • Tune-Up
    • Ignition System - Inspection
• General Information
  • Abbreviations
    • Commonly Used Abbreviations - General Information
    • Emission Control Abbreviations
  • Basic Trouble Shooting
    • Basic Trouble Shooting - General Information
    • Commonly Used Abbreviations - General Information
    • Emission Control Abbreviations
    • Engine Performance - Trouble Shooting - General Information
  • Brakes
    • Anti-Lock Brake Safety Precautions - General Information
    • Map - Brake Systems
    • Map - Routine Inspection Reference Guide
  • Check Lists
    • Symptom Check List Worksheet - General Information
  • Driveline/Axles
    • Drive Axle Noise Diagnosis - General Information
    • Gear Tooth Contact Patterns - General Information
    • Map - Drive Train & Transmission
    • Trouble Shooting - Clutches - General Information
  • DTC Index
  • Electrical
    • Map - Electrical Systems
    • Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
  • Engine
    • Engine Overhaul Procedures - General Information
    • General Cooling System Service - General Information
  • Engine Performance
    • Electrostatic Discharge Warning - General Information
    • Engine Performance Diagnostic Routine Outline - General Information
    • Engine Performance Safety Precautions
    • Map - Engine Performance & Maintenance
    • Parasitic Load Explanation & Test Procedures - General Information
    • State Emission Standards - Diesel
    • State Emission Standards - Gas
    • Waveforms - Injector Pattern Tutorial - General Information
  • Map - Exhaust Systems
  • Heating, Ventilation & A/C (HVAC)
    • Map - Heating, Ventilation, & Air Conditioning
  • Hoist/Jack
    • Introduction - General Information
  • Identification
    • CANADIAN Model Cross-Reference
    • Introduction - General Information
    • Model Code Identification
  • Metric Conversions
    • Engine Displacement Conversion Table - ECAT
    • Metric Conversions
  • OEM General Information
    • Introduction - General Information
    • Maintenance (Preparation)
    • Setup
  • Specifications Index
    • Common Specs & Procedures
  • Steering
    • Map - Steering, Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels & Tires
    • Wheel Alignment Theory & Operation - General Information
  • Traction Control Disable Procedures
  • Trouble Shooting - Manual Transmission - General Information
• Heating, Ventilation & A/C (HVAC)
  • A/C Compressor
    • Heating / Air Conditioning System - Service Information
    • Heating / Air Conditioning System (Service Specifications)
  • General Servicing
    • Cabin Air Filter
    • Heating / Air Conditioning System - Service Information
    • Heating / Air Conditioning System (Service Specifications)
  • HVAC Control Systems
    • Heating / Air Conditioning System - Diagnostic Codes & Symptom Tests
    • Heating / Air Conditioning System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Heating / Air Conditioning System - Service Information
    • Heating / Air Conditioning System (Preparation)
    • Heating / Air Conditioning System (Service Specifications)
• Maintenance
  • Procedures
    • Maintenance - Service Information
    • Maintenance (Service Specifications)
• Restraints
  • Air Bag, SRS
    • Airbag System - Diagnostic Codes (1 Of 3)
    • Airbag System - Diagnostic Codes (2 Of 3)
    • Airbag System - Diagnostic Codes (3 Of 3) & Symptom Tests
    • Airbag System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Airbag System - Service Information
    • Airbag System (Preparation)
  • Passive Restraints
    • Seat Belt - Service Information
    • Seat Belt (Preparation)
    • Seat Belt Warning System - Diagnostics & Symptom Tests
    • Seat Belts (Service Specifications)
  • Restraints Control Systems
    • Airbag System (Service Specifications)
    • Seat Belt - Service Information
    • Seat Belt (Preparation)
    • Seat Belt Warning System - Diagnostics & Symptom Tests
    • Seat Belts (Service Specifications)
  • Seat Belts
    • Airbag System (Service Specifications)
    • Seat Belt - Service Information
    • Seat Belt (Preparation)
    • Seat Belt Warning System - Diagnostics & Symptom Tests
    • Seat Belts (Service Specifications)
• Steering
  • Manual Steering
    • Power Steering (Preparation)
    • Power Steering System - Diagnostic Codes & Symptom Tests
    • Power Steering System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Steering Gear - Service Information
    • Steering Gear / Linkage (Preparation)
    • Steering Gear / Linkage (Service Specifications)
    • Steering System - Inspection And Adjustment
  • Power Steering
    • Power Steering (Preparation)
    • Power Steering System - Diagnostic Codes & Symptom Tests
    • Power Steering System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Steering Gear - Service Information
    • Steering Gear / Linkage (Preparation)
    • Steering Gear / Linkage (Service Specifications)
    • Steering System - Inspection And Adjustment
  • Steering Column
    • Steering Column - Service Information
    • Steering Column (Preparation)
    • Steering Column (Service Specifications)
  • Steering Gear
    • Steering Gear - Service Information
    • Steering Gear / Linkage (Preparation)
    • Steering Gear / Linkage (Service Specifications)
  • Steering Linkage
    • Steering Gear / Linkage (Preparation)
    • Steering Gear / Linkage (Service Specifications)
• Suspension
  • Front Suspension
    • Suspension System (Front) - Service Information
    • Suspension System (Front) (Preparation)
    • Suspension System (Front) (Service Specifications)
  • Rear Suspension
    • Suspension System (Rear) - Service Information
    • Suspension System (Rear) (Preparation)
    • Suspension System (Rear) (Service Specifications)
  • Wheel Alignment
    • Alignment / Handling Diagnosis (Preparation)
    • Alignment / Handling Diagnosis (Service Specifications)
    • Model Code Identification
    • Wheel Alignment - Service Information
  • Wheels & Tire System
    • Tire & Wheel (Preparation)
    • Tire & Wheel (Service Specifications)
    • Tire Pressure Monitoring System (Preparation)
    • Tire Pressure Monitoring System (Service Specifications)
    • Tire Pressure Warning System - Diagnostic Codes & Circuit Tests
    • Tire Pressure Warning System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Tire Pressure Warning System - Service Information
    • Tires / Wheel System - Inspection
    • Tires / Wheel System - Service Information
• Transmission
  • Automatic Trans
    • Automatic Transmission System - Diagnostic Codes (1 Of 2)
    • Automatic Transmission System - Diagnostic Codes (2 Of 2)
    • Automatic Transmission System - Diagnostics - Introduction
    • Automatic Transmission System - Service Information (1 Of 2)
    • Automatic Transmission System - Service Information (2 Of 2)
    • Automatic Transmission System (Preparation)
    • Automatic Transmission System (Service Specifications)
• External Pages