Repair and Diagnosis (Single Page)

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• Quick Lookups
  • Wiring Diagrams
    • Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
      • Introduction
      • Wiring Diagram Features And Controls
      • Wiring Diagram Color Abbreviations
      • Wiring Diagram Symbols
      • Wiring Diagram Ground Number Locations
      • Wiring Diagram Component Locations
    • Wiring Diagrams MK III
      • Wiring Diagrams
• Accessories & Equipment
  • Gauges & Instrument Panels
    • Switches, Gauges & Speedometers
      • Instrument Cluster
        • 1963-72
          • Spitfire
        • 1973
          • Spitfire & GT6
          • Stag
      • Speedometer & Tachometer
        • 1963-72
          • 4 & 6 Cylinder Models
        • 1973
          • Spitfire & GT6
          • Tr6
          • Stag
      • Gauges
        • 1963-73
          • Tr4
          • Tr4A
          • Spitfire Mk I, II & III
          • Spitfire Mk IV
          • 2000 Sedan
          • Gt6, Tr6 & Tr250
      • Turn Signal & Hazard Warning Flasher
        • 1963-73
          • Tr4
          • Herald Mk I & II
          • Spitfire Mk I & II
          • Spitfire Mk III & IV
          • 2000 Sedan, GT6 & Stag
          • Tr250 & Tr6
      • Ignition Switch
        • 1973
          • Spitfire & GT6
          • Tr6
          • Stag
      • Stop Light Switch
        • 1963-73
      • Switches
        • 1963-72
      • Steering Column Switches
        • 1963-72
          • 4 & 6 Cylinder Models
      • Instrument Voltage Regulator
        • 1963-72
          • Herald
          • Spirfire Mk I, II & III
        • Spitfire Mk, IV, GT6, TR6 & TR250
          • Notes
          • Tr4 & Tr4A
          • 2000 Sedan
• Brakes
  • Mechanical - Hydraulic
    • Brakes - GIRLING
      • Description
        • All Models (Girling Brakes)
        • TR-4 & TR-4A Models
      • Adjustment
        • Disc Brakes
        • Rear Drum Brakes (All Models)
        • Front Drum Brakes (1200 Only)
        • Parking Brake
        • Bleeding Hydraulic Brakes
          • Single Circuit System
          • Tandem Circuit System
          • Re-Centralizing Pressure Differential Valve
          • Mot-A-Vac (Bleeding Unit)
      • Removal & Installation
        • Lining Replacement (Disc Brakes)
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Lining Replacement (Drum Brakes)
          • Removal Front (1200 Models Only)
          • Removal Rear (All Models)
          • Installation (All Models)
        • Brake Caliper
          • Removal & Installation
        • Brake Rotor (Disc)
          • Removal & Installation
        • Drum Brake (Wheel Cylinder)
          • Removal & Installation (All Models)
        • Master Cylinder
          • Removal & Installation (All Models)
        • Vacuum Servo (Booster) Unit
          • Removal & Installation
        • Pressure Differential Valve
          • Removal & Installation
      • Overhaul
        • Brake Caliper
          • Disassembly
          • Cleaning & Inspection
          • Reassembly
        • Drum Brake (Wheel Cylinder)
          • Disassembly (All Models)
          • Cleaning & Inspection
          • Reassembly (All Models)
        • Master Cylinder
          • Disassembly (Single Piston Unit)
          • Cleaning & Inspection
          • Reassembly
          • Disassembly (Tandem Piston Unit)
        • Vacuum Servo (Booster) Unit
          • Notes
          • Disassembly (Servo Unit Components)
          • Reassembly
        • Pressure Differential Valve
          • Disassembly
          • Cleaning & Inspection
          • Reassembly
    • Hydraulic Brake Trouble Shooting
      • Brake Inspection & Testing
      • Conditions Affecting Brake Performance
      • Trouble Shooting Drum Brakes
        • Low Pedal Or Excessive Travel
        • Spongy Pedal
        • Brakes Grab
        • Hard Pedal
        • Power Brake Unit Does Not Boost
        • One Wheel Drags
        • All Wheels Drag
        • Car Pulls To One Side
        • Brakes Squeak Or Noisy
        • Brakes Fade (Fail To Hold)
      • Trouble Shooting Disc Brakes
        • Low Pedal Or Excessive Travel
        • No Braking Action When Pedal Pushed
        • Hard Pedal
        • Pulling Or Grabbing
        • Pedal Goes Slowly To Floor
        • Noise And Chatter Or Pedal Pulsating
        • Dragging Brakes
• Drivelines & Axles
  • Wheel Hubs
    • Wheel Bearing Adjustment
      • ALFA Romeo
        • GIULIETTA
        • All Others (1963-73)
      • AUDI
        • All Models Exc. Fox Rear (1970-73)
        • Model 100 Front (1973)
        • Fox Rear (1973)
      • AUSTIN
        • AUSTIN AMERICA Rear (1968-70)
        • AUSTIN Marina (1973)
      • BMW
        • All Models (1966-73)
      • CAPRI
        • All Models (1970-73)
      • Colt
        • All Models (1971-73)
      • CORTINA
        • All Models (1967-70)
      • Courier
        • All Models (1972-73)
      • Cricket
        • All Models (1971-72)
      • DATSUN
        • 240Z, 510, 521, 610, 620 & 1200 (1963-73)
        • 310, 320 & 520 (1963-72)
        • 311, 312, 410 & 411 (1963-72)
      • Fiat
        • 124, 850 & 1100R Front (1963-73)
        • 600D Front (1963-67)
        • 128 Rear (1971-73)
      • HONDA
        • All Models (1971-72)
        • Civic (1973)
      • Jaguar
        • All Models (1963-73)
      • LUV
        • All Models (1972-73)
      • MAZDA
        • All Models (1971-72)
        • All Models (1973)
      • MERCEDES BENZ
        • 300SL & 450SL (1972-73)
        • All Others (1963-73)
      • Mg
        • MGB, MGB/Gt, MGC & MGC/Gt (1963-73)
        • Midget I, II, III & IV (1963-73)
        • 1100 & 1300 Rear (1963-67)
      • OPEL
        • All Models (1966-67)
        • All Models (1968-73)
      • PEUGEOT
        • All Models Exc. 304 (1963-73)
      • PORSCHE
        • All Models (1963-73)
      • RENAULT
        • R-8 (1963-65) & Dauphine (1963-67)
        • R-10 (1967-71) & Caravelle (1963-67)
        • R-16 (1969-72)
        • R-12, R-15 & R-17 Rear (1971-73)
        • R-12, R-15 & R-17 Front (1973)
      • SAAB
        • All Models Rear (1963-73)
        • All Models Front (1973)
      • SUBARU
        • All Models Rear (1970-73)
        • All Models Front (1973)
      • TOYOTA
        • Hi-Lux (1969-73), Stout & Lite Stout (1965-67)
        • Crown (1965-72)
        • Land Cruiser (1965-73)
        • All Other Models (1965-73)
      • Triumph
        • Tr3 (1963)
        • Stag (1973)
        • All Others (1963-73)
      • VOLKSWAGEN
        • All Models Exc. Type 1 (1963-65) & Type 2 (1963-67)
        • Type 1 (1963-65)
        • Type 2 (1963-67)
        • All Models (1968-73)
      • VOLVO
• Electrical
  • Charging Systems
    • Alternators - LUCAS (1968-1972)
      • Description
        • 4TR Regulator
        • Integral Regulator
      • Application
      • Testing
        • Notes
        • 4TR Regulator
        • Integral Regulator
      • Adjustment
        • 4TR Regulator
    • Alternators - LUCAS 1967-1972
      • Changes, Cautions, Corrections
        • Notes
        • Battery Installation
        • Battery Charging
        • Circuit Interruption
        • Alternator Removal
        • High Voltage
        • Booster Battery (For Engine Start)
      • Description
      • Specifications
      • Testing
        • On Car Testing ("ACR" Type)
          • Testing Alternator Output With Regulator Inoperative
          • Regulator Test
        • On Car Testing (11AC)
      • Overhaul
        • Disassembly
          • "Ac" & "ACR"
          • Regulator Removal "ACR"
        • Testing
          • Rotor
          • Stator
          • Diodes
        • Parts Replacement
          • Diodes
          • Brushes
        • Reassembly
  • Fuses & Circuit Breakers
    • Fuse Block
      • 1963-65 TR 4 & 1966-68 TR 4A Models
    • 1963-68 Models
      • Notes
      • 1963-66 Spitfire MK I & II
    • 1963-66 Models
      • Notes
      • 1967-73 Spitfire Mk III & IV
    • 1967-73 Models
      • Notes
      • 1965-67 2000 Models
    • 1965-67 Models
      • Notes
      • 1967-72 GT6 Models
    • 1967-72 Models
      • Notes
      • 1968-72 TR Models
    • 1968-72 Models
      • Notes
      • 1973 GT6 & TR6 Models
    • 1973 Models
      • Notes
      • 1971-73 Stag Models
    • 1971-73 Models
    • In-Line Fuses
      • 1973 Stag Models
  • Switches, Gauges & Speedometers
    • Instrument Cluster
      • 1963-72
        • Spitfire
      • 1973
        • Spitfire & GT6
        • Stag
    • Speedometer & Tachometer
      • 1963-72
        • 4 & 6 Cylinder Models
      • 1973
        • Spitfire & GT6
        • Tr6
        • Stag
    • Gauges
      • 1963-73
        • Tr4
        • Tr4A
        • Spitfire Mk I, II & III
        • Spitfire Mk IV
        • 2000 Sedan
        • Gt6, Tr6 & Tr250
    • Turn Signal & Hazard Warning Flasher
      • 1963-73
        • Tr4
        • Herald Mk I & II
        • Spitfire Mk I & II
        • Spitfire Mk III & IV
        • 2000 Sedan, GT6 & Stag
        • Tr250 & Tr6
    • Ignition Switch
      • 1973
        • Spitfire & GT6
        • Tr6
        • Stag
    • Stop Light Switch
      • 1963-73
    • Switches
      • 1963-72
    • Steering Column Switches
      • 1963-72
        • 4 & 6 Cylinder Models
    • Instrument Voltage Regulator
      • 1963-72
        • Herald
        • Spirfire Mk I, II & III
      • Spitfire Mk, IV, GT6, TR6 & TR250
        • Notes
        • Tr4 & Tr4A
        • 2000 Sedan
  • Starter
    • Starter Controls - LUCAS
      • Description
      • Testing
        • Solenoid Contacts
          • Solenoid Operated
          • Manually Operated
        • Winding Continuity
        • Pull-In Winding
        • Hold-In Winding
    • Starters - LUCAS
      • Description
      • Application
      • Testing
        • Performance Tests
          • No Load Test
          • Lock Test
          • Cranking Circuit (Voltage Drop)
          • Cranking Voltage
      • Overhaul
        • Disassembly
        • Parts Replacement & Testing
          • Armature
          • Commutator
          • Brushes & Springs
          • Field Coils
          • Bushings
        • Reassembly
  • Wiring Diagrams
    • Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
      • Introduction
      • Wiring Diagram Features And Controls
      • Wiring Diagram Color Abbreviations
      • Wiring Diagram Symbols
      • Wiring Diagram Ground Number Locations
      • Wiring Diagram Component Locations
    • Wiring Diagrams MK III
      • Wiring Diagrams
• Engine Mechanical
  • Auxiliary Emission Control Systems
    • Crankcase Ventilation Systems - Triumph
      • Description
        • 1965-69 Models
        • 1970-73 Models
      • Operation
        • 1965-69 Restricted Type II System (Spitfire, GT-6 & TR-4A)
        • 1965-69 Special Type II System (TR-250 & TR-6)
        • 1970-71 (Gt-6)
        • 1970-73 (Spitfire, TR-6 & Stag) & 1973 (GT-6)
        • Crankcase Emission Control Valve
      • Service Procedures
        • Notes
        • System Checking
  • Fuel System
    • S.U. Carburetors - H.S. & H.D. Type 1-Barrel
      • Description
      • Operation
        • Cold Starting
        • Normal Operation
        • Acceleration
        • Idling
        • Fast Idle
        • Auxiliary Enrichment Carburetor
      • Overhaul
        • Disassembly
        • Replacing Float Valve
        • Replacing Needle
        • Throttle Spindle Bearings
        • Loose Piston Guide Key
        • Throttle Valve Assembly
        • Jet Unit Assembly (Early Type Standard)
        • Jet Unit Assembly (Later Type Standard)
          • Notes
          • Invicta Jet
          • Thermo Jet
      • Trouble Shooting & Testing
        • Piston Sticking
        • Float Chamber Flooding
        • Float Needle Sticking
        • Fuel Leakage From Jet
      • Adjustments
        • Centering The Jet
        • Float Level
        • Idle Adjustment
        • Fast Idle
      • Maintenance
        • Carburetor Lubrication
        • Multiple Carburetor Linkage Lubrication
        • Air Cleaners
      • Exhaust Emission Control Features
        • Notes
        • Jet Adjustment Limiters
        • Fuel Return System
        • Fuel Deflector Device
        • Poppet Valve (In Throttle Valve)
        • Jet Compensator
          • Type I
          • Type II
        • Idle Retard Dashpot
        • Spring-Loaded Needle
  • Starter
    • Starter Controls - LUCAS
      • Description
      • Testing
        • Solenoid Contacts
          • Solenoid Operated
          • Manually Operated
        • Winding Continuity
        • Pull-In Winding
        • Hold-In Winding
    • Starters - LUCAS
      • Description
      • Application
      • Testing
        • Performance Tests
          • No Load Test
          • Lock Test
          • Cranking Circuit (Voltage Drop)
          • Cranking Voltage
      • Overhaul
        • Disassembly
        • Parts Replacement & Testing
          • Armature
          • Commutator
          • Brushes & Springs
          • Field Coils
          • Bushings
        • Reassembly
• Engine Performance
  • Emissions
    • Emission Control Abbreviations
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • State Emission Standards - Diesel
      • ARIZONA
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • IDAHO
      • KENTUCKY
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • New YORK
      • OHIO
      • RHODE Island
      • UTAH
      • WASHINGTON
    • State Emission Standards - Gas
      • ALASKA
      • ARIZONA
      • CALIFORNIA
        • California Emission Standards ASM Tests
        • Legend
        • Pass/Fail Emission Standards = A+B / VTW
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • DELAWARE
      • District Of COLUMBIA
      • GEORGIA
      • IDAHO
      • ILLINOIS
      • INDIANA
      • KENTUCKY
      • MARYLAND
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • MISSOURI
      • NEVADA
      • New Jersey
      • New MEXICO
      • New YORK
      • North CAROLINA
      • OHIO
      • OREGON
      • PENNSYLVANIA
      • RHODE Island
      • TENNESSEE
      • TEXAS
      • UTAH
      • VIRGINIA
      • WASHINGTON
      • WISCONSIN
      • U. S. EPA ASM2525 & ASM5015 Start-Up Emission Standards
      • U. S. EPA Revised Final ASM Emission Standards (ASM5015 & ASM2525)
      • U.S. EPA Im240 Emission Standards
        • Start-Up Standards
        • Final Standards
  • Fuel Delivery
    • S.U. Carburetors - H.S. & H.D. Type 1-Barrel
      • Description
      • Operation
        • Cold Starting
        • Normal Operation
        • Acceleration
        • Idling
        • Fast Idle
        • Auxiliary Enrichment Carburetor
      • Overhaul
        • Disassembly
        • Replacing Float Valve
        • Replacing Needle
        • Throttle Spindle Bearings
        • Loose Piston Guide Key
        • Throttle Valve Assembly
        • Jet Unit Assembly (Early Type Standard)
        • Jet Unit Assembly (Later Type Standard)
          • Notes
          • Invicta Jet
          • Thermo Jet
      • Trouble Shooting & Testing
        • Piston Sticking
        • Float Chamber Flooding
        • Float Needle Sticking
        • Fuel Leakage From Jet
      • Adjustments
        • Centering The Jet
        • Float Level
        • Idle Adjustment
        • Fast Idle
      • Maintenance
        • Carburetor Lubrication
        • Multiple Carburetor Linkage Lubrication
        • Air Cleaners
      • Exhaust Emission Control Features
        • Notes
        • Jet Adjustment Limiters
        • Fuel Return System
        • Fuel Deflector Device
        • Poppet Valve (In Throttle Valve)
        • Jet Compensator
          • Type I
          • Type II
        • Idle Retard Dashpot
        • Spring-Loaded Needle
  • Ignition System
    • Distributor Specifications
      • 1968-71 Distributor Specifications
        • Autolite Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Bosch Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Delco Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Ducellier Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Hitachi (Datsun) Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Lucas Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Marelli Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Mazda Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Mitsubishi Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Nippondenso Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Nippondenso (Toyota) Distributor Advance Specifications
        • S.E.V. Distributor Advance Specifications
        • S.E.V. Marchal Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Volkswagen Distributor Advance Specifications
  • Tune-Up Specifications - Import
    • Specifications
  • Tune-Up
    • Distributor Specifications
      • 1968-71 Distributor Specifications
        • Autolite Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Bosch Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Delco Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Ducellier Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Hitachi (Datsun) Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Lucas Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Marelli Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Mazda Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Mitsubishi Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Nippondenso Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Nippondenso (Toyota) Distributor Advance Specifications
        • S.E.V. Distributor Advance Specifications
        • S.E.V. Marchal Distributor Advance Specifications
        • Volkswagen Distributor Advance Specifications
    • Tune-Up Specifications - Import
      • Specifications
• General Information
  • Abbreviations
    • Commonly Used Abbreviations - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "J"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "Q"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • Emission Control Abbreviations
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
  • Basic Trouble Shooting
    • Basic Trouble Shooting - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Accessories & Electrical
        • Charging System Trouble Shooting
        • Ignition System Trouble Shooting
        • Starter Trouble Shooting
      • Air Conditioning & Heat
        • Air Conditioning Trouble Shooting
        • Heater System Trouble Shooting
      • Brakes
        • Brake System Trouble Shooting
      • Engine Mechanical
        • Cooling System Trouble Shooting
        • Gasoline Engine - Mechanical Trouble Shooting
      • Engine Performance
        • Carburetor Trouble Shooting:
        • Diesel Engine Trouble Shooting
        • Fuel Injection Trouble Shooting
        • Ignition System Trouble Shooting
        • Starter Trouble Shooting
        • Tune-Up Trouble Shooting - Gas Engine Vehicles
        • Vacuum Pump - Diesel Trouble Shooting
      • Manual Transmission
        • Manual Transmission Trouble Shooting
      • Powertrain
        • Clutch Trouble Shooting
        • Drive Axle - Noise Diagnosis
          • Unrelated Noises
          • Non-Drive Axle Noises
          • Gear Noise
          • Chuckle
          • Knock
          • Clunk
          • Bearing Whine
          • Bearing Rumble
          • Chatter On Turns
          • Axle Shaft Noise
          • Vibration
        • Drive Axle - RWD Trouble Shooting
        • Fwd Axle Shafts & CV Joints Trouble Shooting
      • Steering & Suspension
        • Manual Steering Gear Trouble Shooting
        • Power Steering Trouble Shooting
        • Steering Column Trouble Shooting
        • Suspension Trouble Shooting
        • Wheel Alignment Trouble Shooting
    • Commonly Used Abbreviations - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "J"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "Q"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • Emission Control Abbreviations
      • "A"
      • "B"
      • "C"
      • "D"
      • "E"
      • "F"
      • "G"
      • "H"
      • "I"
      • "K"
      • "L"
      • "M"
      • "N"
      • "O"
      • "P"
      • "R"
      • "S"
      • "T"
      • "V"
      • "W"
    • Engine Performance - Trouble Shooting - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Engine Performance
  • Brakes
    • Anti-Lock Brake Safety Precautions - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Anti-Lock Brake Safety Precautions
    • Map - Brake Systems
      • Brake Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Accelerometers
        • Accumulators
        • Anchor Pins
        • Anti-Lock Brake Control Assembly(Module)
        • Anti-Lock Brake Controller
        • Anti-Lock Brake Systems
        • Axle Seal
        • Backing Plates
        • Bleeder Screw
        • Brake Abs Active Light (Blue)
        • Brake Fluid
        • Brake Friction Material
        • Brake On - Off Switch
        • Brake Pads
        • Brake Pedals
        • Brake Shoe Hardware
        • Brake Shoes
        • Brake Stoplight Switches
        • Brake Warning Light (Amber)
        • Brake Warning Light (Red)
        • Bulb Sockets
        • Bulbs And LEDS
        • Caliper Hardware
        • Caliper Mounting Pin
        • Caliper Piston
        • Caliper Shim
        • Caliper Slider Pin (Bolt) Dust Boot
        • Caliper Slider Pin (Bolt)
        • Calipers
        • Combination Valve
        • Controllers
        • Digital Ratio Axle Controllers And Buffers (Drab And Dram)
        • Disable Switches
        • Drums
        • Electrical Brake Pumps
        • Electrical Park Motor
        • Electrical Pumps And Motors
        • Electro-Magnetic Interference
        • Electronic Brake Control Modulator
        • Electronic Brake Distribution
        • Electronic Brake Traction Control Module
        • Electronic Controllers
        • Electronic Traction Control
        • External Brake Cable
        • Flow Control Valve
        • Fluid Level Sensor Switches
        • Fluid
        • Four Wheel Drive Switches
        • Friction Material
        • G Sensors
        • Gaskets
        • Gravitational Switches
        • Grease Seal
        • Height Sensing Proportioning Valve
        • High Pressure Accumulator
        • Hoses
        • Hub
        • Hydraulic Control Unit
        • Hydraulic Modulators
        • Hydro-Boosters
        • Hydro-Electric Boosters (POWERMASTER)
        • Ignition Disable Switches
        • Lamp Driver Relay
        • Lateral Acceleration Switches
        • LEDS
        • Lenses
        • Low Pressure Accumulator
        • Lug Nut
        • Master Cylinder Cover Gasket
        • Master Cylinders
        • Modulators
        • Motor Pack
        • Motors
        • Pads
        • Parking Brake Cable
        • Parking Brake Mechanism
        • Parking Brake Shoes
        • Parking Brake Switches
        • Parking Brake Systems
        • Pedal Travel Switches
        • Pedals
        • Power Distribution Center
        • POWERMASTER
        • Pressure Differential Switches
        • Pressure Switches
        • Pressure Transducers
        • Proportioning Valve
        • Pumps
        • Relays
        • RELUCTOR (Speed) Ring
        • Rotors
        • Self-Adjusting Systems
        • Shoe Hardware
        • Shoes
        • Sockets
        • Speed Sensor (RELUCTOR) Ring
        • Speed Sensors (Electronic Wheel And Vehicle)
        • Star Wheel
        • Steel Brake Lines
        • Stoplight Switches
        • Stroke Sensor
        • Switches
        • Tires
        • Tone Ring
        • Toothed Rings (Tone Wheel)
        • Traction Control System (TCS)
        • Transfer Tubes
        • Vacuum Boosters
        • Vacuum Hoses
        • Valves
        • Wear Indicator
        • Wheel Attachment Hardware
        • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
        • Wheel Cylinders
        • Wiring Harnesses
        • Yaw Rate Sensor
      • Brake System CHECKSHEET
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Map - Routine Inspection Reference Guide
      • Routine Inspection Reference Guide
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Maintenance Overview
          • Antifreeze/Coolant
          • Visual Inspection
          • Radiator Cap Test
          • Engine Fan
          • Cooling System Power Flush And Refill
          • Belts (Except Timing Belts)
          • Belt TENSIONER
          • Automatic Transmission Fluid
          • Automatic Transmission Fluid Exchange & Filter Replacement
          • Engine Oil
          • Air Filters
          • Cabin Air Filter
          • Brake Fluid
          • Battery
          • Battery Cables
          • Power Steering
          • Power Steering Fluid
          • Wiper Blades
        • Routine Inspection CHECKSHEET
        • Routine Inspection - UICS
          • Brake Systems
            • Notes
            • Brake Fluid
            • Bulbs And LEDS
            • Hoses
            • Lenses
            • Lug Nut
            • Master Cylinder Cover Gasket
            • Parking Brake Cable
            • Vacuum Hoses
            • Wheel Attachment Hardware
            • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
          • Drivetrain And Transmission
            • Notes
            • Automatic Transmission Fluid
            • Clutch Master Cylinders
            • Cooler Lines
            • Coolers
            • Differential Fluid
            • Drain Plugs And Gaskets
            • Filters And Screens
            • Fluids And Lubricants
            • Hoses, Lines, And Tubes
            • Hydraulic Fluid
            • Lubricants
            • Manual Transmission Fluid
            • Mounts (Engine, Transaxle And Transmission)
            • Transfer Case Fluid
            • Vacuum Hoses
          • Electrical Systems
            • Batteries
            • Battery Cables
            • Battery Trays And Hold Down Hardware
            • Bulbs, Sealed Beams And LEDS
            • Fuses, Fusible Links And Circuit Breakers
            • Ground Cables And Straps
            • Ground Straps
            • Lenses
            • Sealed Beams
            • Washer Pumps
            • Wiper Arms And Blades
            • Wiper Hoses And Nozzles
            • Wiper Pump Reservoirs
          • Engine Performance And Maintenance
            • Notes
            • Accessory Belts
            • Air Filter Elements
            • Air Filter Gaskets
            • Air Filter Housings And Gaskets
            • Air Pump Belts
            • Batteries
            • Battery Connectors
            • Belt Idler Assemblies (Accessory And Cam Belts)
            • Belt TENSIONERS (Accessory And Cam Belt)
            • Chemical Engine DECARBONIZATION
            • Combustion Chamber Cleaning
            • Coolant Recovery Tanks
            • Coolant
            • Distributor Caps
            • Distributor Rotors
            • Engine Cooling Systems
            • Engine DECARBONIZATION
            • Engine Oil Drain Plugs And Gaskets
            • Engine Oil Filters And Canisters
            • Engine Oil
            • Fuel Filters
            • Fuel Injector Cleaning
            • Fuel Injectors
            • Fuel System Cleaning Service
            • Hose Clamps
            • Hose Connectors
            • Hose Couplers
            • Hoses And Tubes (Fuel Lines, Radiator, Vacuum, By-Pass, Heater, Recovery Tank And Oil Coolers)
            • Ignition Wires (Secondary)
            • Intake Cleaning
            • O2 Sensors
            • PCV Breather Elements
            • PCV Valves
            • Radiator Caps And Pressurized Expansion Tank Caps
            • Spark Plugs
            • Thermostats And Housings
            • Throttle Body Cleaning
            • Timing Belts
            • Vacuum Hoses, Tubes And Connections (Non-Metallic)
          • Exhaust Systems
            • Notes
            • Exhaust And Tail Pipes
          • Heating, Ventilation And Air Conditioning Systems
            • Notes
            • Belts
            • Cabin Air Filters
            • Coolant
            • Evaporator Drain Tubes
            • Evaporator Filters
            • In-Line Filters
            • Vacuum Hoses And Tubes
          • Steering And Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels And Tires
            • Notes
            • Hydraulic Hoses
            • Power Steering Belts
            • Power Steering Fluid
            • Power Steering Hoses
            • Shock Absorbers, Strut Cartridges And Strut Assemblies
            • Strut Rods
            • Tire Pressure Monitoring System
            • Tire Pressure Sensors
            • Tires
            • Valve Stems
            • Wheel Attachment Hardware
            • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
      • Wheel & Tire Supplement
        • Notes
        • Tires
        • Mounting Tires
        • Vehicle Tire Placard
        • Tire Rotation
        • Wheel Lug Nut Torque & Clamping Force
        • Popular Tire Rotation Patterns
        • Wheels And Rims
        • Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems
        • Wheels & Tires CHECKSHEET
        • Wheel & Tire - UICS
          • Tire Pressure Monitoring System
          • Tire Pressure Sensors
          • Tires
          • Wheel Alignment
          • Wheel Attachment Hardware
          • Wheels (Rims)
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
  • Check Lists
    • Symptom Check List Worksheet - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Purpose
        • Notes
        • Why Use the Symptom Check List Worksheets?
        • Making the Worksheets a Part of Your Normal Routine
      • Symptom Check List Worksheets
        • Condensed Version - All On One Page
        • Full Version - All On Four Pages
        • Individual System-Based Check Lists
  • Driveline/Axles
    • Drive Axle Noise Diagnosis - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Unrelated Noises
      • Non-Drive Axle Noises
      • Gear Noise
      • Chuckle
      • Knock
      • Clunk
      • Bearing Whine
      • Bearing Rumble
      • Chatter On Turns
      • Axle Shaft Noise
      • Vibration
    • Gear Tooth Contact Patterns - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Inspection
        • Notes
        • Gear Tooth Contact Pattern
      • Adjustments
        • Notes
        • Gear Backlash & Pinion Shim Changes
    • Map - Drive Train & Transmission
      • Drive Train & Transmission Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Drivetrain And Transmission
        • Notes
        • Actuators (Electrical)
        • Actuators (Vacuum)
        • Automatic Transmission / Transaxle Assemblies/CVTS
        • Automatic Transmission Fluid
        • Axles
        • Bearings And Races
        • Bell Cranks
        • Bell Housings
        • Bushings (External)
        • Cables (Speedometer)
        • Cables (TV, Detent And Shift)
        • Carrier Bearings
        • Clutch Cables And Cable Housings
        • Clutch Discs (Manual Transmissions)
        • Clutch Forks
        • Clutch Linkages (Mechanical)
        • Clutch Master Cylinders
        • Clutch Pedals
        • Clutch Pivots
        • Clutch Pressure Plates
        • Clutch Release Bearings
        • Clutch Slave Cylinders (Concentric)
        • Clutch Slave Cylinders (Conventional Or External)
        • Companion Flanges
        • Connectors
        • Cooler Bypass Valves
        • Cooler Lines
        • Coolers
        • CV Joints
        • Differential And Final Drive Assemblies
        • Differential Fluid
        • Dip Stick Tubes
        • Dip Sticks (Fluid Level Indicators)
        • Dowel Pins, Guides And Pilot Holes
        • Drain Plugs And Gaskets
        • Drive Shaft Flanges
        • Drive Shafts And Half Shafts
        • Dust Boots
        • Engine Mounts
        • Exciter Rings
        • Filler Tubes
        • Filters And Screens
        • Flanges
        • Flex Plates
        • Fluid Level Indicators
        • Fluids And Lubricants
        • Flywheels
        • Force Motors
        • Gaskets
        • Guides
        • Half Shafts
        • Hoses, Lines, And Tubes
        • Housings (Bell, Case, Tail(Extension) And Auxiliary)
        • Hydraulic Fluid
        • Intermediate Shaft Support Bearings
        • Key Interlock Systems
        • Limited Slips
        • Lines
        • Linkages (External)
        • Locking Hub Assemblies
        • Locking Hub Control Knobs
        • Lubricants
        • Manual Transmission Fluid
        • Manual Transmission/Transaxle Assemblies
        • Metal Clad Seals
        • METALASTIC Joints
        • Modulator Pins
        • Modulators
        • Mounts (Engine, Transaxle And Transmission)
        • Odometer Drives (Mechanical)
        • Odometer Heads (Mechanical)
        • Oil Pans
        • Pans
        • Pilot Holes
        • Pressure Plates
        • Pressure Switches
        • Races
        • Rubber Joints (METALASTIC)
        • Screens
        • Seals (Metal Clad)
        • Seals
        • Selector Interlock Systems
        • Sensors
        • Servos
        • Shift Interlock Systems (Selector And Key Interlock Systems)
        • Side Covers
        • Slip Yokes
        • Solenoids
        • Speed Sensors (Electronic Wheel And Vehicle)
        • Speedometer- Driven Gear Housing
        • Speedometer/Odometer Drives (Mechanical)
        • Speedometer/Odometer Heads (Mechanical)
        • Speedometers/Odometers (Electronic)
        • Switches
        • Tone Wheels
        • Toothed Rings (Tone Wheel)
        • Torque Converters
        • Transaxle Mounts
        • Transducers (Transmission)
        • Transfer Case Assemblies
        • Transfer Case Fluid
        • Transmission Coolers
        • Transmission Mounts
        • Transmission Pans
        • Transmission Range Indicators (PRNDL)
        • Tubes
        • Universal Joints (CARDAN Or Cross Type)
        • Vacuum Controls
        • Vacuum Hoses
        • Vacuum Motors
        • Vacuum-Operated Switches
        • Vehicle Speed Sensors
        • Vents
        • Vibration Dampers
        • Wheel Attachment Hardware
        • Wheel Speed Sensors
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
        • Yokes And Slip Yokes
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Trouble Shooting - Clutches - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • All Models
  • Electrical
    • Map - Electrical Systems
      • Electrical Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Actuator Motors (Electric)
        • Actuator Motors (Vacuum)
        • Air Bags
        • Alternators And Generators
        • Amplifiers
        • Antennas
        • Batteries
        • Battery Cables, Wires And Connectors
        • Battery Cables
        • Battery Trays And Hold Down Hardware
        • Battery Wires
        • Belts
        • Bulb Sockets
        • Bulbs, Sealed Beams And LEDS
        • Cd Players
        • Cigarette Lighter Assemblies
        • Circuit Breakers
        • Clutch Switches
        • Connectors
        • Control Modules
        • Cruise Control Brake Switches
        • Cruise Control Cables
        • Cruise Control Clutch Switches
        • Cruise Control Linkages And Cables
        • Cruise Control Reservoirs
        • Cruise Control Tubes
        • Cruise Control Vacuum Dump Release Valves
        • Cruise Control Vacuum Hoses, Tubes And
        • Cruise Control Vehicle Speed Sensors
        • Defoggers
        • Defrosters
        • Delays
        • Dimmers
        • Electric Heaters
        • Equalizers
        • Fuse Blocks
        • Fuse Boxes And Blocks
        • Fuses, Fusible Links And Circuit Breakers
        • Fusible Links
        • Gauges
        • Generators
        • Ground Cables And Straps
        • Ground Straps
        • Headlight Adjusters
        • Heating Elements (Defrosters, Defoggers, Electric Heaters And Seats)
        • Horns And Sirens
        • Ignition Switches
        • Indicator Lights
        • Keyless Entry Keypads And Transmitters
        • Keyless Entry Transmitters
        • LEDS
        • Lenses
        • Microphones
        • Mirrors (ELECTROCHROMATIC And Heated)
        • Motors
        • Neutral Safety Switches
        • Odometers, Speedometers And Tachometers (Cable Driven)
        • Odometers
        • Power Distribution Center
        • Pulleys
        • Receivers, Amplifiers, Equalizers And Sub-Woofer Volume Controls
        • Relay Boxes
        • Relays
        • Sealed Beams
        • Seat Heaters
        • Security Alarm Sensors
        • Sirens
        • Solenoids
        • Speakers And Microphones
        • Speedometer And Tachometer Linkages And Cables
        • Speedometer Cables
        • Speedometers
        • Starters
        • Sub-Woofer Volume Control
        • Switches
        • Tachometer Cables
        • Tachometers
        • Tape Players And Cd Players
        • TENSIONERS
        • Timers
        • Transceivers
        • Transducers
        • Vacuum Accumulators (Reservoirs)
        • Voltage Regulators
        • Washer Fluid Level Senders
        • Washer Pumps
        • Wiper Arms And Blades
        • Wiper Blades
        • Wiper Hoses And Nozzles
        • Wiper Linkages
        • Wiper Nozzles
        • Wiper Pump Reservoirs
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Battery, Starting & Charging System CHECKSHEET
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Using lemon2025'S System Wiring Diagrams
      • Introduction
      • Wiring Diagram Features And Controls
      • Wiring Diagram Color Abbreviations
      • Wiring Diagram Symbols
      • Wiring Diagram Ground Number Locations
      • Wiring Diagram Component Locations
  • Engine
    • Engine Overhaul Procedures - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Description
      • Engine Identification
      • Inspection Procedures
        • * Please Read This First *
        • General
        • Magnetic Particle Inspection
          • Notes
          • Magnaflux & Magnaglo
        • Penetrant Inspection
          • Notes
          • Zyglo
          • Dye Check
        • Ultrasonic Inspection
        • X-Ray Inspection
        • Pressure Testing
      • Cleaning Procedures
        • * Please Read This First *
        • General
        • Bead Blasting
        • Chemical Cleaning
      • Component Cleaning
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Sheet Metal Parts
        • Intake & Exhaust Manifolds
      • Cylinder Head Replacement
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Removal
        • Installation
        • Valve Adjustment
      • Cylinder Head Overhaul
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Cylinder Head Disassembly
        • Cylinder Head Cleaning & Inspection
        • Valve Springs
        • Valve Guide
          • Notes
          • Measuring Valve Guide Clearance
          • Reaming Valve Guide
          • Replacing Valve Guide
        • Valves & Valve Seats
          • Notes
          • Valve Grinding
          • Valve Lapping
          • Valve Seat Grinding
          • Valve Seat Replacement
          • Valve Seat Concentricity
        • Cylinder Head Reassembly
          • Notes
          • Valve Stem Installed Height
        • Valve Stem Oil Seals
          • Notes
          • Replacement (On-Vehicle)
        • Valve Spring Installed Height
        • Rocker Arms & Assemblies
          • Notes
          • Rocker Studs
          • Rocker Arms & Shafts
        • Push Rods
        • Lifters
          • Notes
          • Hydraulic Lifters
          • Mechanical Lifters
      • Pistons, Connecting Rods & Bearings
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Ridge Removal
        • Piston & Connecting Rod Removal
        • Piston & Connecting Rod
          • Notes
          • Disassembly
          • Cleaning
          • Inspection
        • Piston & Cylinder Bore Fit
        • Assembling Piston & Connecting Rod
        • Checking Piston Ring Clearances
        • Piston & Connecting Rod Installation
        • Connecting Rod Side Clearance
        • Main & Connecting Rod Bearing Clearance
          • Notes
          • Plastigage Method
          • Micrometer & Telescopic Gauge Method
      • Crankshaft & Main Bearings
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Removal
        • Cleaning & Inspection
        • Installation
        • Crankshaft End Play
          • Notes
          • Dial Indicator Method
          • Feeler Gauge Method
        • Cylinder Block
          • Notes
          • Block Cleaning
          • Block Inspection
          • Cylinder Bore Inspection
          • Cylinder Honing
          • Deck Warpage
          • Deck Height
          • Main Bearing Bore & Alignment
          • Expansion Plug Removal
          • Expansion Plug Installation
          • Oil Gallery Plug Removal
          • Oil Gallery Plug Installation
      • Camshaft
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Cleaning & Inspection
        • Camshaft Bearings
          • Notes
          • Removal & Installation
        • Camshaft Installation
        • Camshaft End Play
      • Timing Chains & Belts
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Timing Chains
        • Timing Belts
        • Tension Adjustment
      • Timing Gears
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Timing Gear Backlash & RUNOUT
        • Rear Main Oil Seal Installation
          • Notes
          • One-Piece Type Seal
          • Rope Type Seal
          • Split-Rubber Type Seal
      • Oil Pump
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Rotor Type
        • Gear Type
      • Break-In Procedure
        • * Please Read This First *
        • Engine Pre-Oiling
        • Initial Start-Up
        • Camshaft
        • Piston Rings
        • Final Adjustments
    • General Cooling System Service - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Description
      • Maintenance
        • Draining
        • Flushing
          • Notes
          • Radiator
          • Engine Block
        • Refilling
      • Testing
        • Thermostat
        • Pressure Testing
          • Notes
          • Radiator Cap
          • Cooling System
  • Engine Performance
    • Electrostatic Discharge Warning - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Introduction
      • Handling Static-Sensitive Circuits/Devices
      • Checking Static-Sensitive Circuits/Devices
    • Engine Performance Diagnostic Routine Outline - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Where Does DRIVEABILITY Diagnosis Start?
        • Perform Basic Inspection
        • Check For Trouble Codes
        • Diagnose Symptom
        • Test System
    • Engine Performance Safety Precautions
      • Engine Performance Safety Precautions
    • Map - Engine Performance & Maintenance
      • Engine Performance And Maintenance (Including Exhaust Systems)
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Engine Performance & Maintenance CHECKSHEET
      • Engine Performance And Maintenance
        • Notes
        • Accelerator Pedal Position Sensor
        • Accessory Belts
        • Accessory Pulleys
        • Air Conditioning Cycling Switches
        • Air Conditioning Pressure Sensors
        • Air Ducts And Tubes
        • Air Filter Elements
        • Air Filter Gaskets
        • Air Filter Housings And Gaskets
        • Air Fuel Ratio Sensors
        • Air Injection Control Solenoids
        • Air Plenums
        • Air Pump Belts
        • Air Pumps (Electric Driven)
        • Air Tubes
        • Aspirator, Check And DECEL Valves
        • Baffles
        • Ballast Primary Supply Resistor Wires
        • Ballast Resistors And Primary Supply Resistors
        • Barometric Pressure Sensors
        • Batteries
        • Battery Cables, Wires And Connectors
        • Battery Connectors
        • Battery Trays And Hold Down Hardware
        • Battery Wires
        • Belt Idler Assemblies (Accessory And Cam Belts)
        • Belt TENSIONERS (Accessory And Cam Belt)
        • Belt-Driven Air Pumps
        • Boost Control Mechanism
        • Camshaft Position Sensors
        • Carburetors And Chokes
        • Casting Core Plugs And Expansion Plugs
        • Charge Air Coolers ""INTERCOOLERS"" (CAC)
        • Check Valves
        • Chemical Engine DECARBONIZATION
        • Chokes
        • Clutch Pedal Position Switches
        • Cold Start Injectors
        • Combustion Chamber Cleaning
        • Connectors
        • Coolant Recovery Tanks
        • Coolant
        • Cooling Fan Motor Modules
        • Cooling Fan Motor Relays And Modules
        • Cooling Fan Motor Resistors
        • Cooling Fan Motor Sensors And Switches
        • Cooling Fan Motor Switches
        • Cooling Fan Motors
        • Crankshaft Position Sensors
        • Cylinder Deactivation Solenoid
        • Cylinder Head Assemblies
        • DECEL Valves
        • Deflectors
        • Dip Stick Tubes
        • Dip Sticks And Tubes
        • Distributor Advances And Retarders (Mechanical And Vacuum)
        • Distributor Boots And Shields
        • Distributor Caps
        • Distributor Retarders (Mechanical And Vacuum)
        • Distributor Rotors
        • Distributor Shields
        • Distributors
        • Early Fuel Evaporation Valves (Heat Riser Assemblies)
        • EGR Coolers
        • EGR Exhaust Manifold Passages
        • EGR Intake And Exhaust Manifold Passages
        • EGR Plates And Coolers
        • Electronic Spark Control Modules
        • Electronic Transmission Control Devices
        • Electronic Transmission Feedback Devices
        • Engine Coolant Temperature Sensors
        • Engine Cooling Systems
        • Engine Covers (Oil Pan, Valve Cover, Timing Cover)
        • Engine DECARBONIZATION
        • Engine Oil Canisters
        • Engine Oil Coolers (External)
        • Engine Oil Drain Plugs And Gaskets
        • Engine Oil Filters And Canisters
        • Engine Oil Gaskets
        • Engine Oil Pressure Gauges (Mechanical)
        • Engine Oil
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Canister Filters
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Canister Purge Devices
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Canisters
        • Evaporative Emissions (EVAP) Feedback Devices
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION Devices
        • Exhaust Gas RECIRCULATION Feedback Devices
        • Expansion Plugs
        • Fan Control Sensor
        • Fuel Accumulators And Dampers
        • Fuel And Cold Start Injectors
        • Fuel Caps
        • Fuel Dampers
        • Fuel Delivery Check Valves
        • Fuel Distributors (BOSCH Cis)
        • Fuel Filler Necks And RESTRICTORS
        • Fuel Filters
        • Fuel Injector Cleaning
        • Fuel Injectors
        • Fuel Level Senders
        • Fuel Pressure Regulators
        • Fuel Pumps (In-Tank, External, Electrical Or Mechanical)
        • Fuel Rails
        • Fuel RESTRICTORS
        • Fuel System Cleaning Service
        • Fuel Tanks
        • Fuel
        • Gaskets
        • Grommets (Valve Cover)
        • Harmonic Dampers
        • Heater Control Valves
        • Heater Cores
        • Hose Clamps
        • Hose Connectors
        • Hose Couplers
        • Hoses And Tube Couplers, Connectors And Clamps
        • Hoses And Tubes (Fuel Lines, Radiator, Vacuum, By-Pass, Heater, Recovery Tank And Oil Coolers)
        • Housings
        • Idle Air Controls
        • Idle Speed Control Actuators
        • Ignition Boots
        • Ignition Coil Towers
        • Ignition Coils
        • Ignition Control Modules (ICM)
        • Ignition Switches
        • Ignition Terminals
        • Ignition Wires (Secondary)
        • Inertia Fuel Shut-Off Switches
        • Intake Air Temperature Sensors
        • Intake Cleaning
        • Intake Manifolds
        • In-Tank Fuel Strainers
        • INTERCOOLERS
        • Knock Sensors
        • Liquid Vapor Separators
        • Long Block Assemblies
        • Manifold Absolute Pressure (Map) Sensors
        • Mass Air Flow (MAF) Sensors
        • Metal Air Manifolds And Pipes
        • Metal Air Pipes
        • Mix Control Solenoids
        • Motor Mounts
        • O2 Sensors
        • Oil Pans
        • Oil Pressure Sending Units
        • Oil Pump Pick-Up Screens
        • Oil Pumps
        • O-Rings, Gaskets, Seals And Spring Locks
        • Park Neutral Position Switches
        • PCV Breather Elements
        • PCV Orifices
        • PCV Valves
        • Pick-Up Assemblies (Includes Magnetic, Hall Effect And Optical)
        • Power Steering Pressure Sensors
        • Powertrain Control Modules (Pcm) And Prom
        • Powertrain Control Prom
        • Pressurized Expansion Tank Caps
        • Radiator / Cooling Fan Blades
        • Radiator / Cooling Fan Clutches
        • Radiator Caps And Pressurized Expansion Tank Caps
        • Radiators
        • Roll Over Valves
        • Sealing Compounds
        • Seals
        • Secondary Air Injection System Management Devices
        • Sensors
        • Short Block Assemblies
        • Shrouds, Baffles And Deflectors
        • Spark Plugs
        • Spring Locks
        • Super Chargers
        • Switches
        • Thermal Vacuum Valves
        • Thermostatic Air Door Assemblies
        • Thermostats And Housings
        • Throttle Bodies
        • Throttle Body Cleaning
        • Throttle Cables
        • Throttle Linkages And Cables
        • Throttle Position Sensors
        • Throttle Position Switches
        • Timing Belt Sprockets
        • Timing Belts
        • Timing Covers
        • Torque Struts
        • Transmission Range Switches
        • Tube Clamps
        • Tube Connectors
        • Tube Couplers
        • Tubes
        • Turbo Chargers
        • Vacuum Connections
        • Vacuum Hoses, Tubes And Connections (Non-Metallic)
        • Vacuum Regulator Solenoids
        • Vacuum Tubes
        • Valve Covers
        • Vehicle Speed Senors
        • Volume Air Flow Sensors
        • Waste Gate And Boost Control Mechanisms
        • Waste Gate Control Solenoids
        • Water Pumps (Electric)
        • Water Pumps (Non-Electric)
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Parasitic Load Explanation & Test Procedures - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • General Information
      • Testing For Parasitic Load
        • Notes
        • CHRYSLER Ignition Off Draw (IOD) Test
        • Test Procedure Using Test Switch
        • Intermittent Parasitic Load Problems
        • Diode Check & Solenoid Test
        • Quad Driver Test
    • State Emission Standards - Diesel
      • ARIZONA
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • IDAHO
      • KENTUCKY
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • New YORK
      • OHIO
      • RHODE Island
      • UTAH
      • WASHINGTON
    • State Emission Standards - Gas
      • ALASKA
      • ARIZONA
      • CALIFORNIA
        • California Emission Standards ASM Tests
        • Legend
        • Pass/Fail Emission Standards = A+B / VTW
      • Colorado
      • CONNECTICUT
      • DELAWARE
      • District Of COLUMBIA
      • GEORGIA
      • IDAHO
      • ILLINOIS
      • INDIANA
      • KENTUCKY
      • MARYLAND
      • MASSACHUSETTS
      • MISSOURI
      • NEVADA
      • New Jersey
      • New MEXICO
      • New YORK
      • North CAROLINA
      • OHIO
      • OREGON
      • PENNSYLVANIA
      • RHODE Island
      • TENNESSEE
      • TEXAS
      • UTAH
      • VIRGINIA
      • WASHINGTON
      • WISCONSIN
      • U. S. EPA ASM2525 & ASM5015 Start-Up Emission Standards
      • U. S. EPA Revised Final ASM Emission Standards (ASM5015 & ASM2525)
      • U.S. EPA Im240 Emission Standards
        • Start-Up Standards
        • Final Standards
    • Waveforms - Injector Pattern Tutorial - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Purpose Of This Article
        • Notes
        • Scope Of This Article
      • Is A Lab Scope Necessary?
        • Introduction
        • Overview Of NOID Light
          • Notes
          • Use the Right Noid Light
        • Overview Of DVOM
          • Notes
          • Checking Injector Resistance
          • Checking Available Voltage At the Injector
          • Checking Injector On-Time With Built-In Function
          • Checking Injector On-Time With Dwell Or Duty
          • How A Duty Cycle Meter and Dwell Meter Work
          • Strengths of Dwell/Duty Meter
          • Weaknesses of Dwell/Duty Meter
      • The Two Types Of Injector Drivers
        • Notes
        • Overview
        • Voltage Controlled Circuit ("Saturated Switch")
        • Current Controlled Circuit ("Peak & Hold")
      • The Two Ways Injector Circuits Are Wired
      • Interpreting Injector Waveforms
        • Notes
        • Interpreting A Voltage Controlled Pattern
        • Interpreting A Current Controlled Pattern
      • Current Waveform Samples
        • Notes
        • Example #1 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #2 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #3 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #4 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #5 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #6 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #7 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #8 - Current Controlled Driver
      • Voltage Waveform Samples
        • Notes
        • Example #1 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #2 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #3 - Voltage Controlled Driver
        • Example #4 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #5 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #6 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #7 - Current Controlled Driver
        • Example #8 - Current Controlled Driver
  • Map - Exhaust Systems
    • Exhaust Systems
      • Notes
      • Map Standards Of Service
      • The Map Process - Overview
      • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Catalytic Converters
      • Exhaust And Tail Pipes
      • Exhaust Connections
      • Hangers
      • Heat Risers (Mechanical EFE Devices)
      • Heat Shields
      • Manifolds (Cast And Tube Type)
      • Mechanical EFE Devices
      • Muffler Valve
      • Mufflers And Resonators
    • Reason Code Explanation
  • Heating, Ventilation & A/C (HVAC)
    • Map - Heating, Ventilation, & Air Conditioning
      • Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
        • Accumulators
        • Actuators (Electrical)
        • Actuators (Vacuum)
        • Air Conditioning Fittings
        • Air Conditioning Hoses
        • Air Conditioning Metal Lines
        • Air Control Doors
        • Air Dams (External)
        • Air Distribution System
        • Belts
        • Blend Doors
        • Blower Fans (Blower Wheel Or Squirrel Cage)
        • Blower Motors
        • Blower Resistors
        • Blower Switches
        • Cabin Air Filters
        • Circuit Breakers
        • Compressor Clutch Assemblies
        • Compressors
        • Condenser Air Seals
        • Condenser Fan Motors
        • Condensers
        • Connectors
        • Control Cables
        • Control Heads (Function Selectors)
        • Control Linkages
        • Control Modules
        • Coolant
        • Cooling Fan Blades
        • Cooling Fan Clutches
        • Cooling Fan Motors
        • Evaporator Drain Tubes
        • Evaporator Filters
        • Evaporator Pressure Regulators (EPRS)
        • Evaporators
        • Expansion Valves
        • Function Selectors
        • Fuses, Fusible Links And Circuit Breakers
        • Fusible Links
        • Gaskets
        • Heater Cases
        • Heater Control Valves
        • Heater Cores
        • Heater Hoses
        • High Pressure Relief Valves (HPRV)
        • Idlers
        • In-Line Filters
        • Metal Fittings
        • Metal Lines
        • Mix And Air Control Doors (Blend Doors)
        • ORIFACE Tubes
        • O-Rings
        • Pilot-Operated Absolutes (POAS)
        • Plenums
        • Pressure Control Valves
        • Pressure Sensors
        • Pulleys
        • Radiators
        • Receiver-DRIERS
        • Refrigerant Oil
        • Refrigerant
        • Relays
        • Seals
        • Service Ports
        • Spring Lock Couplings
        • Suction Throttling Valves (STVS)
        • Switches (Electrical)
        • TENSIONERS
        • Thermistors And Pressure Sensors
        • Thermostats And Housings
        • Vacuum Hoses And Tubes
        • Vacuum Reservoirs
        • Vacuum Tubes
        • Valves In Receiver (VIRS)
        • Water Pumps (Electric Auxiliary)
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning System CHECKSHEET
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
  • Hoist/Jack
    • Jacking & Hoisting
      • All Manufacturers
        • Notes
        • Frame & Underbody
        • OUTERBODY
  • Identification
    • CANADIAN Model Cross-Reference
      • * Please Read This First *
      • ACURA
      • ASUNA
      • AUDI
      • BMW
      • CHRYSLER Corp.
        • CHRYSLER
        • Dodge
        • Eagle
        • PLYMOUTH
      • General Motors
        • BUICK
        • CHEVROLET
        • GMC
        • OLDSMOBILE
        • Optima
        • PONTIAC
      • HYUNDAI
      • Jaguar
      • KIA
      • MAZDA
      • MERCEDES-BENZ
      • Mercury
      • MERKUR
      • MITSUBISHI
      • NISSAN
      • RENAULT
      • SATURN
      • Smart
      • SUBARU
      • SUZUKI
      • TOYOTA
      • VOLKSWAGEN
      • VOLVO
      • All Others
  • Metric Conversions
    • Engine Displacement Conversion Table - ECAT
      • Conversion Table
    • Metric Conversions
      • Metric Conversions
        • Notes
        • Length
        • Volume
        • Torque
        • Pressure
      • Conversion Factors
  • Steering
    • Map - Steering, Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels & Tires
      • Steering & Suspension Systems
        • Notes
        • Map Standards Of Service
        • The Map Process - Overview
        • The Map Process - Overview Of Service Requirements And Suggestions
      • Wheel And Tire
        • Notes
        • Tires
        • Mounting Tires
        • Vehicle Tire Placard
        • Tire Rotation
        • Wheel Lug Nut Torque & Clamping Force
        • Popular Tire Rotation Patterns
        • Wheels And Rims
        • Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems
      • Steering & Suspension CHECKSHEET
      • Wheels & Tires CHECKSHEET
      • Steering And Suspension, Wheel Alignment, Wheels And Tires
        • Notes
        • Active Handling
        • Active Suspension Control Modules
        • Active Variable Ratio Steering
        • Active Yaw Control
        • Adaptive Cruise Control
        • Advance TRAC
        • Air Bags
        • Air Ride Control Modules
        • Air Ride Suspension Torsion Springs (Counter Balancing)
        • Air Ride Suspension
        • Air Ride Tubes
        • Air Shocks And Air Struts
        • Air Spring Valves
        • Air Springs
        • Air Suspension Control Valves
        • Air Suspension DRIERS
        • Axle Acceleration Sensor
        • Ball Joints
        • Body Acceleration Sensor
        • Bushings
        • Center Links
        • Compressors
        • Continuous Damping Control
        • Control Arm Shafts
        • Control Arms
        • Control Modules
        • Distance Regulation Control Module
        • Distance Regulation Sensor
        • Drag Links
        • Dynamic Stability Control
        • Dynamic Stability Traction Control
        • Electronic Ride Control Shocks And Struts
        • Electronic Stability Control
        • Electronic Suspension System
        • Flex Couplers
        • Gaskets
        • Height Sensors
        • Hydraulic Hoses
        • Hydraulic Power Steering Pumps
        • Hydraulic Suspension Hoses
        • Hydraulic Suspension Pumps
        • Idler Arms
        • Intermediate Shaft U-Joints
        • King Pins
        • Modules
        • Pitman Arms
        • Power Steering Belts
        • Power Steering Coolers
        • Power Steering Fluid
        • Power Steering Hoses
        • Power Steering Lines (Steel)
        • Power Steering Pumps - Electric
        • Power Steering Pumps
        • Radar Sensor
        • Radius Arms
        • Relay Rods
        • Relays
        • Sensors
        • Shock Absorbers, Strut Cartridges And Strut Assemblies
        • Spindles
        • Springs, Coil, Leaf And Torsion Bars
        • STABILITRAC
        • Stability Management System
        • Steering Angle Sensor
        • Steering Arms
        • Steering Couplers
        • Steering Dampers
        • Steering Gears (Except Rack And Pinion)
        • Steering Gears, Rack And Pinion
        • Steering Knuckles
        • Strike Out Bumpers
        • Strut Bearing Plate Assemblies
        • Strut Rods
        • Suspension Pumps (Hydraulic)
        • Sway Bar Links
        • Sway Bar Mounting Bushings
        • Sway Bars
        • Switches
        • Tie Rod Ends (Inner And Outer)
        • Tire Pressure Monitoring System
        • Tire Pressure Sensors
        • Tires
        • Torque Sensor
        • Torsion Springs
        • Track Bar Bushings
        • Track Bars
        • Trailing Arm Bushings
        • Trailing Arms
        • Valve Stems
        • Vehicle Dynamics Control
        • Vehicle Speed Sensor
        • Vehicle Stability Assist
        • Vehicle Stability/Skid Control
        • Warning Lamps
        • Wheel Alignment
        • Wheel Attachment Hardware
        • Wheel Bearings, Races And Seals
        • Wheels (Rims)
        • Wiring Harnesses And Connectors
      • Reason Code Explanation
      • Automotive Terminology & Definitions
    • Wheel Alignment Theory & Operation - General Information
      • * Please Read This First *
      • Pre-Alignment Instructions
        • Notes
        • General Alignment Checks
      • Adjustments
        • Notes
        • Camber
        • Caster
        • Toe-In Adjustment
        • Toe-Out On Turns
        • Steering Axis Inclination
  • Trouble Shooting - Manual Transmission - General Information
    • * Please Read This First *
    • Introduction
• Steering
  • Manual Steering
    • Steering Gears & Linkage
      • Description
        • Notes
        • Steering Gears
          • All Models (Except TR3)
          • TR3 Models
        • Steering Linkage
          • All Models (Exc. TR3)
          • TR3 Models
      • Adjustment
        • All Models (Exc. TR3)
        • TR3 Models
      • Lubrication
        • All Models (Exc. TR3)
        • TR3 Models
      • Removal & Installation
        • Steering Gears
          • All Models (Exc. TR3)
          • TR3 Models
        • Steering Linkage
          • All Models (Exc. TR3)
          • TR3 Models
      • Overhaul
        • Steering Gear (Exc. Tr3 & Stag Models)
          • Disassembly
          • Reassembly
        • Steering Gear (Tr3 Models)
          • Disassembly
          • Reassembly
      • Torque Specifications
  • Power Steering
    • Steering Gears & Linkage
      • Description
        • Notes
        • Steering Gears
          • All Models (Except TR3)
          • TR3 Models
        • Steering Linkage
          • All Models (Exc. TR3)
          • TR3 Models
      • Adjustment
        • All Models (Exc. TR3)
        • TR3 Models
      • Lubrication
        • All Models (Exc. TR3)
        • TR3 Models
      • Removal & Installation
        • Steering Gears
          • All Models (Exc. TR3)
          • TR3 Models
        • Steering Linkage
          • All Models (Exc. TR3)
          • TR3 Models
      • Overhaul
        • Steering Gear (Exc. Tr3 & Stag Models)
          • Disassembly
          • Reassembly
        • Steering Gear (Tr3 Models)
          • Disassembly
          • Reassembly
      • Torque Specifications
  • Steering Column
    • Steering Columns
      • Description
        • All Models (Except TR3)
        • TR3 Models
      • Removal & Installation
        • Tr3
        • Sports 6, 1200, Spitfire, Gt6 (Prior To 1970)
        • Tr4, Tr250, Tr6 (Prior To 1970)
        • 2000 Sedan
        • Spitfire & Gt6 (1970 & Later)
        • Tr6 (1970 & Later)
        • Stag
    • Steering Wheel Removal
      • 1963-73 Triumph
        • Horn Button
        • Steering Wheel
          • All Models (Except TR3)
          • TR3 Models
        • Turn Signal & Headlight Switch (Column Mounted)
          • All Models (Except TR3)
          • TR3 Models
  • Steering Gears & Linkage
    • Description
      • Notes
      • Steering Gears
        • All Models (Except TR3)
        • TR3 Models
      • Steering Linkage
        • All Models (Exc. TR3)
        • TR3 Models
    • Adjustment
      • All Models (Exc. TR3)
      • TR3 Models
    • Lubrication
      • All Models (Exc. TR3)
      • TR3 Models
    • Removal & Installation
      • Steering Gears
        • All Models (Exc. TR3)
        • TR3 Models
      • Steering Linkage
        • All Models (Exc. TR3)
        • TR3 Models
    • Overhaul
      • Steering Gear (Exc. Tr3 & Stag Models)
        • Disassembly
        • Reassembly
      • Steering Gear (Tr3 Models)
        • Disassembly
        • Reassembly
    • Torque Specifications
  • Steering Linkage
    • Steering Gears & Linkage
      • Description
        • Notes
        • Steering Gears
          • All Models (Except TR3)
          • TR3 Models
        • Steering Linkage
          • All Models (Exc. TR3)
          • TR3 Models
      • Adjustment
        • All Models (Exc. TR3)
        • TR3 Models
      • Lubrication
        • All Models (Exc. TR3)
        • TR3 Models
      • Removal & Installation
        • Steering Gears
          • All Models (Exc. TR3)
          • TR3 Models
        • Steering Linkage
          • All Models (Exc. TR3)
          • TR3 Models
      • Overhaul
        • Steering Gear (Exc. Tr3 & Stag Models)
          • Disassembly
          • Reassembly
        • Steering Gear (Tr3 Models)
          • Disassembly
          • Reassembly
      • Torque Specifications
• Suspension
  • Front Suspension
    • Ball Joint Checking
      • ALFA Romeo
        • All Models (1963-73)
      • BMW
        • All Models (1972 & Earlier)
        • All Models (1973)
      • CAPRI
        • All Models (1970-73)
      • Colt
        • All Models (1971-73)
      • DATSUN
        • 240Z, 510 & 1200 (1972 & Earlier)
        • 310, 311, 312, 410 & 412 (1972 & Earlier)
        • All Models Exc. 620 (1973)
      • Fiat
        • All Models (1963-73)
      • HONDA
        • All Models (1971-73)
      • Jaguar
        • All Models Exc. XKE Series (1963-73)
        • XKE Models (1963-73)
      • LUV
        • All Models (1972-73)
      • MAZDA
        • R100 & 1200 (1971-72)
        • RX2 & 616 (1971-72)
        • RX3 & 808 (1971-72)
        • B1600 (1971-72)
        • All Models (1973)
      • OPEL
        • All Models (1966-73)
      • PEUGEOT
        • All Models Exc. 404 (1963-73)
      • PORSCHE
        • All Models (1963-73)
      • RENAULT
        • All Models (1963-73)
      • SAAB
        • All Models (1963-73)
      • SUBARU
        • All Models (1970-71)
        • All Models (1972-73)
      • TOYOTA
        • Notes
        • Lite Stout (1965-67)
        • Corona & Mark II (1966-73)
        • All Others (1965-73)
      • Triumph
        • All Models (1963-73)
      • VOLKSWAGEN
        • All Models (1963-73)
      • VOLVO
        • All Models (1963-71)
        • All Models (1972-73)
    • Front Suspension
      • Description
      • Adjustment
        • Wheel Alignment Specifications & Procedures
        • Wheel Bearing Adjustment
        • Ball Joint Checking
      • Removal & Installation
        • Coil Spring & Shock Assembly
          • Removal
          • Disassembly
          • Assembly
          • Installation
        • Upper Control Arms
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Lower Control Arms
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Ball Joint
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • TRUNION Joint
          • Removal
          • Installation
        • Steering Knuckle
          • Removal
          • Installation
      • Torque Specifications
  • Rear Suspension
    • Description
    • Adjustment
      • Wheel Alignment Specifications & Procedures
    • Removal & Installation
      • Transverse Leaf Spring
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Strut Rods
        • Removal
        • Installation
      • Bearing Carrier Mounts
        • Removal
        • Installation
    • Torque Specifications
  • Wheel Alignment - Specifications & Adjustments
    • Tire Inflation (Cold)
    • Caster
      • TR3 (1962-63), Spitfire Mark IV (1971-73) & TR6 (1969-73)
      • 2000 (1966-67) & Stag (1971-72)
      • Stag (1973)
      • All Other Models
    • Camber
      • Tr3 (1963)
      • 2000 (1966-67) & Stag (1971-73)
      • All Other Models
    • Toe-In
      • Tr3 (1963)
      • All Other Models
      • GT6 Mark II & GT6 Plus Rear (1969-72)
      • GT6 & Spitfire Rear (1973)
      • All Other Models Rear
    • Wheel Alignment Specifications
• Transmission
  • Clutches
    • Description
    • Removal & Installation
      • Clutch Assembly
        • All Models Exc. 2000 Sedan & Stag V8
        • 2000 Sedan
        • Stag V8
      • Clutch Master Cylinder
      • Clutch Slave Cylinder
      • Clutch Release Bearing
        • 1200 & Spitfire
        • GT6 Models
        • TR3, TR4, TR6, TR250, 2500 Sedan & Stag V8
      • Clutch Pilot Bushing
    • Overhaul
      • Clutch Master Cylinder
        • Disassembly (All Models Except Stag V8)
        • Reassembly
        • Disassembly (Stag V8)
      • Clutch Slave Cylinder
    • Adjustment
      • Clutch Adjustment
      • Clutch Fork FREEPLAY
        • Tr3 & Tr4
      • Master Cylinder Push Rod FREEPLAY
        • Tr3
      • Hydraulic System Bleeding